{ "schemaVersion": 1, "slug": "les-miserables-pg135", "title": "Les Misérables", "author": "Victor Hugo", "language": "en", "spoilers": true, "characters": [ { "name": "Marius", "aliases": [ "Marius Pontmercy", "Le Baron Marius Pontmercy", "M. Marius", "Baron Pontmercy" ], "description": "Cosette’s husband and Georges Pontmercy’s son. After learning from Thénardier that Jean Valjean carried him through the sewer, Marius recognizes Valjean’s sacrifice, hurries to him with Cosette, and begs his forgiveness. He is present with Cosette when Valjean dies." }, { "name": "Cosette", "aliases": [ "The young woman in the Luxembourg", "Mademoiselle Lanoire", "Ursule", "the young lady", "the beautiful lady", "the Lark", "Mademoiselle Fabre", "M. Urbain Fabre’s daughter", "Euphrasie", "Mademoiselle Euphrasie Fauchelevent", "Madame Pontmercy" ], "description": "Fantine’s daughter and Jean Valjean’s adopted child, now married to Marius. She returns with Marius to Valjean, embraces him, and remains beside him as he dies, learning her mother’s name and the truth about her fortune." }, { "name": "Jean Valjean", "aliases": [ "M. Fauchelevent", "Jean Valjean", "Monsieur Fauchelevent", "Monsieur Tranchelevent", "Fauchelevent", "the very well-dressed gentleman with white hair", "the unknown man who carried Marius through the sewers", "the man who had saved Marius", "the mysterious man", "the old man in the first wedding carriage", "the man who once carried Marius through the sewer", "Monsieur Jean", "M. Jean", "M. Madeleine" ], "description": "Cosette’s adoptive father, who carried the wounded Marius through the sewer and saved him. Reunited with Cosette and Marius, he explains the source of Cosette’s fortune and dies with their forgiveness and love beside him." }, { "name": "Thénardier", "aliases": [ "Jondrette", "Monsieur Thénardier", "the father of Little Gavroche", "the father", "the inn-keeper of Montfermeil", "Thénard", "Jondrette the workman", "Fabantou the comedian", "Genflot the poet", "Don Alvarès the Spaniard", "Mistress Balizard" ], "description": "A scheming criminal who tells Marius that Jean Valjean carried a corpse through the sewer, but unwittingly proves that Valjean saved Marius. Marius pays him to leave for America; there Thénardier becomes a slave-dealer." }, { "name": "Azelma", "aliases": [ "the younger Thénardier girl" ], "description": "The younger daughter of the Thénardiers and Éponine’s sister. She accompanies her father to America under a false name." }, { "name": "The doctor of the quarter", "aliases": [ "the doctor" ], "description": "An unnamed local physician who attends Jean Valjean in his final hours. He tells Marius that it is too late to save him." }, { "name": "The portress of Jean Valjean’s lodging", "aliases": [ "the portress", "the good woman" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who prepared Jean Valjean’s meals and called a doctor when he became ill. She watches from the doorway during his final reunion with Cosette and asks whether he wants a priest." }, { "name": "Basque", "aliases": [ "M. Gillenormand’s last valet", "the old servant" ], "description": "M. Gillenormand’s servant. Marius calls for him to bring a carriage when he and Cosette hurry to Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "Fantine", "aliases": [ "the Blonde", "little Fantine" ], "description": "Cosette’s mother, who died after enduring poverty and separation from her daughter. Jean Valjean tells Cosette her mother’s name and asks her to remember Fantine’s suffering and love." }, { "name": "Gavroche", "aliases": [ "Little Gavroche" ], "description": "The resourceful son of the Thénardiers and Éponine’s younger brother, killed at the barricade. Marius believes Gavroche delivered the letter that led Jean Valjean to the barricade." }, { "name": "The Bishop", "aliases": [ "M. Myriel", "Monseigneur Bienvenu", "Monseigneur Welcome", "M. Welcome", "the Bishop of D——" ], "description": "The compassionate Bishop of D—— who gave Jean Valjean the candlesticks. The narrator suggests that he is present, unseen, during Valjean’s death." }, { "name": "The doctor treating Cosette and Marius before their wedding", "aliases": [ "the doctor" ], "description": "An unnamed physician consulted about the wedding date; he says Marius can marry in February." }, { "name": "The linen-clad angel awaiting Jean Valjean", "aliases": [ "some immense angel" ], "description": "A personified angel the narrator imagines standing in the darkness with wings outspread, awaiting Jean Valjean’s soul." }, { "name": "Nicolette", "aliases": [ "the cook named Olympie" ], "description": "A cook in the Gillenormand household. She and Toussaint cannot get along, and Toussaint leaves; Nicolette later carries Cosette’s inquiry to Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "Toussaint", "aliases": [ "the elderly maid-servant" ], "description": "Jean Valjean’s elderly, stammering maid, who had lived with him and Cosette. After Cosette’s marriage she leaves because she and Nicolette cannot get along." }, { "name": "M. Gillenormand", "aliases": [ "M. Luc-Esprit Gillenormand", "Father Gillenormand" ], "description": "Marius’s grandfather, who welcomes the newlyweds and gives them an exuberant wedding toast. He calls Jean Valjean an eccentric and is content that Valjean’s visits take place downstairs." }, { "name": "The narrator", "aliases": [ "the authorial narrator", "the observer in the Passage du Saumon", "the author of this book" ], "description": "The narrator examines Marius’s fear and prejudice toward Jean Valjean, then recounts Valjean’s final visits to Cosette, his decline, and Thénardier’s encounter with Marius." }, { "name": "Javert", "aliases": [ "Police Officer Javert", "Inspector Javert", "Monsieur Javert", "the tall, gray-haired recruit", "the man of the Rue des Billettes", "the police-agent Javert" ], "description": "A police inspector who died by suicide after Jean Valjean spared him at the barricade. Thénardier presents a newspaper report confirming the suicide, correcting Marius’s mistaken belief that Valjean killed Javert." }, { "name": "Georges Pontmercy", "aliases": [ "Colonel Pontmercy", "the brigand of the Loire", "the colonel", "Pontmercy" ], "description": "Marius’s deceased father, a decorated soldier who served the Republic and France. He was rescued at Waterloo by Thénardier and left Marius with the duty of repaying that debt; Marius now seeks to vindicate his memory." }, { "name": "The porter of Jean Valjean’s lodging", "aliases": [ "the husband" ], "description": "The husband of Jean Valjean’s portress. He says that a doctor cannot prevent Valjean from dying if he is destined to die." }, { "name": "The former employee of the Laffitte establishment", "aliases": [ "the cashier-clerk" ], "description": "An unnamed former employee whose information led Marius to believe Jean Valjean had stolen the fortune from M. Madeleine. Thénardier’s newspaper evidence shows that this information was mistaken." }, { "name": "Thénardier’s spouse", "aliases": [ "his spouse", "Jondrette’s wife", "the female Jondrette", "Mother Jondrette", "Madame Thénardier", "the Thénardier woman", "the female Thénardier" ], "description": "Thénardier’s unnamed wife and mother of their five children. Thénardier says he hopes to travel to America with her and their daughter." }, { "name": "The old family friends at the wedding", "aliases": [ "the invited guests" ], "description": "Unnamed longtime friends of the Gillenormand family who attend the wedding and greet Cosette as Madame la Baronne." }, { "name": "The man who keeps Jean Valjean’s lodging", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "An unnamed porter whose wife prepares Jean Valjean’s scant meals and summons the local doctor." }, { "name": "The young woman who is Thénardier’s daughter", "aliases": [ "Thénardier’s young lady" ], "description": "Thénardier’s unnamed daughter, whom he says he plans to take with himself and his wife to a village near Panama." }, { "name": "The Changer", "aliases": [ "the costumer" ], "description": "An ingenious, unnamed Jewish costumer in the Rue Beautreillis who rents disguises to criminals so they can temporarily pass as respectable people. Thénardier wears his threadbare statesman’s outfit, including green spectacles and false details." }, { "name": "Madame la Princesse Bagration", "aliases": [ "Madame Bagration" ], "description": "A princess whom Thénardier falsely claims to have met Marius at in society." }, { "name": "The Vicomte Dambray", "aliases": [ "M. Dambray" ], "description": "A peer of France whom Thénardier falsely claims to know and to have met Marius through." }, { "name": "Chateaubriand", "aliases": [ "M. de Chateaubriand" ], "description": "A writer whom Thénardier falsely claims to know and quotes as though they were friends." }, { "name": "Pitt", "aliases": [ "William Pitt" ], "description": "A statesman mentioned in the narrator’s description of the Changer’s ill-fitting rented statesman’s costume." }, { "name": "Castelcicala", "aliases": [], "description": "A statesman mentioned in the narrator’s description of the Changer’s ill-fitting rented statesman’s costume." }, { "name": "The editor of the Moniteur", "aliases": [ "the newspaper" ], "description": "The newspaper that reports Javert’s suicide and recounts that an insurgent spared him at the Rue de la Chanvrerie barricade." }, { "name": "Théodule Gillenormand", "aliases": [ "Lieutenant Théodule", "the officer of lancers", "the handsome lieutenant", "the Lancer", "the cousin Théodule" ], "description": "M. Gillenormand’s grandnephew and Marius’s cousin, now a captain stationed at Chartres. He attends Marius and Cosette’s wedding, but Cosette does not recognize him." }, { "name": "The aunt", "aliases": [ "Aunt Gillenormand", "Mademoiselle Gillenormand, the elder", "Marius’s maternal aunt", "Mademoiselle Gillenormand senior" ], "description": "M. Gillenormand’s unmarried elder daughter and Marius’s aunt. Cosette says she is at mass on the morning after the wedding." }, { "name": "The poor who bless the newlyweds", "aliases": [ "the poor" ], "description": "Unnamed poor people gathered at the newlyweds’ door who share their purses and bless Marius and Cosette." }, { "name": "The musicians at the wedding", "aliases": [ "the three violinists and the flutist" ], "description": "Three violinists and a flutist who softly play Haydn quartets during the wedding feast." }, { "name": "Haydn", "aliases": [], "description": "A composer whose quartets the wedding musicians play." }, { "name": "The curé at the wedding", "aliases": [ "the priest at the wedding" ], "description": "An unnamed priest who conducts the religious marriage of Marius and Cosette." }, { "name": "Estelle", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman named in M. Gillenormand’s wedding toast as an example of a beautiful beloved." }, { "name": "Nemorin", "aliases": [], "description": "A man named in M. Gillenormand’s wedding toast as an example of a handsome lover." }, { "name": "Fortunatus", "aliases": [], "description": "A legendary figure invoked by M. Gillenormand in a playful comparison for Marius taking the empty armchair beside Cosette." }, { "name": "Fortunata", "aliases": [], "description": "A legendary woman invoked by M. Gillenormand in a playful comparison for Cosette beside Marius." }, { "name": "Adam", "aliases": [], "description": "The biblical first man, whom M. Gillenormand jokes belongs to Eve’s kingdom." }, { "name": "Eve", "aliases": [], "description": "The biblical first woman, whom M. Gillenormand invokes while praising women’s power over men." }, { "name": "Robespierre", "aliases": [], "description": "A revolutionary leader whom M. Gillenormand jokingly says cannot hold his place against a woman." }, { "name": "Charlemagne", "aliases": [], "description": "A ruler whose iron sceptre M. Gillenormand mentions in his comic account of the decline of royal power." }, { "name": "Louis XIV", "aliases": [ "the Sun King", "Louis the Great" ], "description": "The king whose golden sceptre M. Gillenormand invokes in his comic account of the decline of royal power." }, { "name": "Henri IV", "aliases": [ "Henry IV" ], "description": "A king whose oath M. Gillenormand discusses while joking about the place of women in religion." }, { "name": "Daphnis", "aliases": [], "description": "A literary shepherd invoked by M. Gillenormand as a model for the newlyweds’ love." }, { "name": "Chloe", "aliases": [], "description": "Daphnis’s beloved, invoked by M. Gillenormand as a model for the newlyweds’ love." }, { "name": "Philemon", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure in a classical story whom M. Gillenormand names as a model for enduring love." }, { "name": "Baucis", "aliases": [], "description": "Philemon’s wife, whom M. Gillenormand names as a model for enduring love." }, { "name": "Cupid", "aliases": [], "description": "The personified god of love, whom M. Gillenormand describes as ancient beyond Methusalem." }, { "name": "Methusalem", "aliases": [], "description": "A biblical figure whom M. Gillenormand compares with Cupid to emphasize the age of love." }, { "name": "Jean Prouvaire", "aliases": [ "Jehan" ], "description": "A gentle, learned, and timid young poet in the Friends of the A B C. The narrator says the newlyweds’ union realizes Prouvaire’s verses." }, { "name": "Éponine", "aliases": [ "the tall Jondrette daughter", "Jondrette’s eldest daughter", "the elder Jondrette girl", "the eldest girl", "the tall Jondrette", "the elder Thénardier girl", "the young artisan who asks for Marius", "the young man who followed the march", "the child who summons Marius", "the young man disappearing into the gloom", "the girl who waters Mabeuf’s garden", "the apparition", "the spirit", "the young workman in velvet trousers", "the young workman" ], "description": "Thénardier’s elder daughter, secretly in love with Marius. She delivered Cosette’s letter and died at the barricade after taking a bullet meant for Marius." }, { "name": "M. Mabeuf", "aliases": [ "the old man in the band" ], "description": "A gentle, book-loving botanist and former churchwarden, now destitute. He was killed at the barricade; Marius remembers seeing him fall." }, { "name": "The physician in Marius’s audience", "aliases": [ "the doctor" ], "description": "An unnamed doctor who treats Marius’s serious wounds and guides his recovery. He later declares that the wedding may take place in February." }, { "name": "André Chénier", "aliases": [ "André Chenier" ], "description": "A poet whose execution during the Revolution is discussed by M. Gillenormand and Marius. Gillenormand quotes his poem “Jeune Malade” and struggles to describe his death." }, { "name": "The porter at Marius’s home", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "An unnamed porter at No. 6, Rue des Filles-du-Calvaire, who lets Javert and the others in and wakes Basque. He glimpsed Jean Valjean carrying Marius home and later describes the rescuer as a terrible-looking man." }, { "name": "The porter’s wife", "aliases": [ "the wife of the porter at Marius’s home" ], "description": "An unnamed woman to whom the porter says he recognizes Jean Valjean’s face when Valjean later arrives with Cosette." }, { "name": "The hackney-coach driver following the Seine pursuit", "aliases": [ "the driver", "the coachman" ], "description": "An unnamed driver whose carriage carried Jean Valjean and the wounded Marius from the sewer to Marius’s home. He tells Marius’s investigators that a police agent had him wait by the Grand Sewer and then ordered him to drive the two men." }, { "name": "The police agent who tracks the thief along the Seine", "aliases": [ "the man in the buttoned-up coat", "the watcher", "the police-agent" ], "description": "An unnamed police agent who followed a ragged fugitive to a sewer grating and waited nearby. The coachman says this agent arrested Jean Valjean after he emerged carrying Marius, then led Valjean away; the police records contain no report of the arrest." }, { "name": "The sergeant of the National Guard post", "aliases": [ "the sergeant of the banlieue", "the sergeant" ], "description": "An unnamed sergeant who investigated the noise Gavroche made near the Royal Printing Establishment. He is mentioned among the shadows of Marius’s memories of the barricade." }, { "name": "The examining magistrate at Arras", "aliases": [ "the examining judge" ], "description": "An unnamed judicial official who brought Champmathieu before the court for identification. The passage recalls the Champmathieu affair as the point after which Jean Valjean retrieved his savings from Laffitte." }, { "name": "M. Magimel", "aliases": [ "Magimel" ], "description": "A publisher for whom Marius worked. Marius’s savings and later poverty are part of the background to his recovery and marriage." }, { "name": "Boulatruelle", "aliases": [ "Sieur Boulatruelle", "the old man in the garret" ], "description": "A road-mender and thief near Montfermeil who dreamed of buried treasure in the forest. He saw Jean Valjean digging there, and later inherited the pickaxe Valjean had hidden." }, { "name": "The two old men", "aliases": [ "Jean Valjean and M. Gillenormand" ], "description": "Jean Valjean and M. Gillenormand, who each work in their own way to make Cosette happy: Valjean secures her future and Gillenormand prepares the wedding." }, { "name": "The two lost children sheltered by Gavroche", "aliases": [ "the two lost children", "the two boys" ], "description": "The Thénardiers’ two youngest sons, whom Gavroche took in. He left them asleep in his shelter while he helped his father escape." }, { "name": "Mother Hucheloup", "aliases": [ "the Widow Hucheloup", "Mame Hucheloup" ], "description": "Father Hucheloup’s widow, who continues to run the Corinthe wine-shop. She is recalled among the figures Marius associates with the barricade." }, { "name": "The four escaped prisoners’ accomplices", "aliases": [ "the four men in the enclosure", "Brujon, Babet, Montparnasse, and Gueulemer" ], "description": "Brujon, Babet, Montparnasse, and Gueulemer, who helped Thénardier escape from La Force. They later disappear from the record after the Gorbeau ambush trial collapses." }, { "name": "Panchaud", "aliases": [ "Printanier", "Bigrenaille" ], "description": "A dangerous prowler of the barriers and member of Patron-Minette who took part in the Gorbeau ambush. He and Demi-Liard are the two subordinates convicted after the principal accused escape." }, { "name": "The bearded accomplice in the snow", "aliases": [ "the bearded man", "Demi-Liard", "Deux-Milliards" ], "description": "A member of Patron-Minette who planned crimes with Brujon. He is convicted with Panchaud and sentenced to ten years in the galleys." }, { "name": "The child born to the Thénardiers", "aliases": [ "the little boy", "the brat" ], "description": "The Thénardiers’ unnamed son, a little over three years old in 1823. He is one of their children whose later fate is not stated here." }, { "name": "The old woman who owns the rag-picker’s basket", "aliases": [ "the rag-picker" ], "description": "An unnamed rag-picker whose well-preserved basket was discovered in the sewer." }, { "name": "Gueulemer", "aliases": [ "the man with the butcher’s pole-axe", "Guelemer" ], "description": "A powerful member of Patron-Minette who took part in the Gorbeau ambush and helped Thénardier escape from prison." }, { "name": "Babet", "aliases": [ "the man with the cudgel" ], "description": "A leader of Patron-Minette who took part in the Gorbeau ambush and helped Thénardier escape from prison." }, { "name": "Brujon", "aliases": [ "the long-haired man of the Rue du Petit-Banquier" ], "description": "A cunning member of Patron-Minette who devised the Rue Plumet robbery and later helped Thénardier escape from La Force." }, { "name": "Montparnasse", "aliases": [], "description": "A young criminal and leader of Patron-Minette who joined the attempted robbery at Rue Plumet and helped Thénardier escape from La Force." }, { "name": "Claquesous", "aliases": [ "Le Cabuc" ], "description": "A criminal who disappeared after the Gorbeau ambush case and escaped from prison. He is listed among the principal accused who could not be tried." }, { "name": "The clerk at La Force", "aliases": [ "the clerk’s office" ], "description": "An unnamed prison clerk who received Marius’s weekly five-franc payment for Thénardier." }, { "name": "The two men who carry the funeral hearse", "aliases": [ "the young men harnessed to the hearse" ], "description": "Unnamed young men who harnessed themselves to Lamarque’s hearse and dragged it across the Austerlitz bridge." }, { "name": "The man who carries Lafayette’s carriage", "aliases": [ "the young man harnessed to the hackney-coach" ], "description": "An unnamed young man who helped pull Lafayette’s hackney-coach along the Quai Morland." }, { "name": "The coachman of M. Leblanc’s fiacre", "aliases": [ "the driver" ], "description": "An unnamed driver who brought M. Leblanc and the young woman to the Gorbeau house. He is not the same person as the driver who later describes carrying Marius home." }, { "name": "The Fiacre driver", "aliases": [ "the coachman" ], "description": "An unnamed cab driver who refused to take Marius without forty sous in advance, leaving him unable to follow M. Leblanc’s carriage." }, { "name": "The man who fell from the diligence", "aliases": [ "the traveller" ], "description": "An unnamed traveller who arranged to be picked up by a diligence on the quay, as Favourite explains." }, { "name": "The person who passes the Vale of the Seine", "aliases": [ "the belated passer-by" ], "description": "An unnamed late passer-by who might have seen Javert leap into the Seine and mistaken him for a phantom." }, { "name": "M. Rousseau", "aliases": [ "Rousseau the Aquatic" ], "description": "The proprietor of the modest restaurant where Marius and Courfeyrac dined." }, { "name": "The coachman’s thin horses", "aliases": [ "the thin horses" ], "description": "The unnamed horses pulling the hackney-coach that carries Marius and Jean Valjean through Paris." }, { "name": "Javert’s agent", "aliases": [ "the sentinel at Rue Petit-Picpus", "the police-agent" ], "description": "An unnamed police agent who watched the sewer exit when Jean Valjean emerged carrying Marius. He arrested Valjean but apparently made no report to the Prefecture." }, { "name": "Cosette’s two guardians", "aliases": [ "Jean Valjean and M. Gillenormand" ], "description": "Jean Valjean is appointed Cosette’s guardian under the name Fauchelevent, with M. Gillenormand as supervising guardian, so she can marry." }, { "name": "The man who asks whether the old cove bothers Azelma", "aliases": [ "the Spaniard with the enormous nose" ], "description": "An unnamed masker with a large nose and black moustache who recognizes Jean Valjean in the wedding procession and tells Azelma to find out where the wedding party goes." }, { "name": "Azelma in the maskers’ carriage", "aliases": [ "the gaunt fishwife", "the fishwife" ], "description": "Azelma, disguised as a fishwife in the Shrove Tuesday procession. At another masker’s request, she agrees to follow the wedding party and learn where it lives." }, { "name": "The police officers who seize the girls", "aliases": [ "Javert’s men" ], "description": "Unnamed police officers who captured Azelma and searched for Éponine while watching the Gorbeau house." }, { "name": "The invited guest who notes the Shrove Tuesday traffic", "aliases": [ "one of the invited guests" ], "description": "An unnamed guest in the wedding procession who warns that the boulevard will be crowded with maskers." }, { "name": "The maskers who call the wedding sham", "aliases": [ "the two maskers" ], "description": "Two unnamed participants in a carriage-load of maskers who joke that their own wedding is the genuine one. They are among the masked revelers who exchange insults with the crowd." }, { "name": "The crowd insulting the maskers", "aliases": [ "the populace" ], "description": "Unnamed onlookers who jeer at the carriage-load of maskers and exchange insults with them." }, { "name": "The police sergeants maintaining the boulevard procession", "aliases": [ "the police sergeants" ], "description": "Unnamed officers who keep the two opposing lines of carriages moving along the boulevard." }, { "name": "Lord Seymour", "aliases": [ "Lord Seymour’s" ], "description": "A British nobleman whose noisy post-chaise passes through the Shrove Tuesday traffic and draws a nickname from the crowd." }, { "name": "The carriages of the peers of France and ambassadors", "aliases": [ "the peers and ambassadors" ], "description": "Unnamed titled passengers whose heraldic carriages travel freely through the middle of the boulevard procession." }, { "name": "The maskers in the carriage-load", "aliases": [ "the carriage-load of maskers" ], "description": "A noisy crowd of masked men and women who ride in an overloaded carriage during the Shrove Tuesday procession." }, { "name": "The hired masker who is afraid to leave the carriage", "aliases": [ "Azelma" ], "description": "Azelma, hired by the Prefecture to appear as a fishwife in the masked procession. She fears arrest if she leaves the carriage, but agrees to follow the wedding party afterward." }, { "name": "André Chénier’s executioners", "aliases": [ "the giants of ’93", "the great revolutionary geniuses" ], "description": "Unnamed revolutionary leaders whom M. Gillenormand says had André Chénier executed on 7 Thermidor." }, { "name": "The Moniteur", "aliases": [ "the newspaper" ], "description": "A newspaper that reports Javert’s body was found drowned beneath a laundress’s boat and that his written statement attributed his death to mental aberration." }, { "name": "The notary who would hold the money", "aliases": [ "the notary" ], "description": "An unnamed official whom the narrator contrasts with depositing money in a forest." }, { "name": "The third party holding Cosette’s legacy", "aliases": [ "a third party" ], "description": "An unnamed custodian of the legacy arranged for Cosette, to be transferred to her when she reached majority or married." }, { "name": "The mayor at the wedding", "aliases": [ "the mayor" ], "description": "An unnamed official who conducts the civil marriage of Marius and Cosette." }, { "name": "The beadle at the wedding", "aliases": [ "the suisse" ], "description": "An unnamed church beadle in a uniform with a colonel’s epaulettes who leads Marius and Cosette through the church." }, { "name": "The post-chaise coachman", "aliases": [ "the Postilion de Lonjumeau" ], "description": "A figure in the narrator’s comic description of the elaborate equipment and dress associated with fashionable wedding travel." }, { "name": "The conductor of the diligence", "aliases": [ "the conductor" ], "description": "An unnamed coach employee invoked in the narrator’s comic description of the conventional honeymoon journey." }, { "name": "The inn’s maid-servant", "aliases": [ "the maid-servant" ], "description": "An unnamed hotel worker mentioned in the narrator’s comic description of a couple’s honeymoon." }, { "name": "The Merry-Andrew", "aliases": [ "the clown" ], "description": "A traditional clown figure in the Carnival parade; the narrator describes the populace as needing buffoons." }, { "name": "Pantaloon", "aliases": [], "description": "A traditional Carnival character among the masked figures on the boulevard." }, { "name": "The Clown", "aliases": [], "description": "A traditional Carnival character appearing among the masked revelers." }, { "name": "The Bœuf Gras procession", "aliases": [ "the train of the Bœuf Gras" ], "description": "A festive procession whose carriage train is privileged to travel through the boulevard traffic." }, { "name": "The fishwife masker", "aliases": [ "the gaunt fishwife", "Azelma" ], "description": "Azelma, disguised as a fishwife in the Shrove Tuesday procession. She recognizes Jean Valjean and agrees to follow the wedding party to discover where it lives." }, { "name": "The Spaniard masker", "aliases": [ "the Spaniard with an enormous nose" ], "description": "An unnamed masker who recognizes Jean Valjean in the wedding carriage and recruits Azelma to follow the procession." }, { "name": "Collé", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer whose name the narrator associates with the slang and laughter of the Carnival carriage-loads." }, { "name": "Panard", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer whose name the narrator associates with the slang and laughter of the Carnival carriage-loads." }, { "name": "Piron", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer whose name the narrator associates with the slang and laughter of the Carnival carriage-loads." }, { "name": "Louis XI", "aliases": [], "description": "A king whose accounts, according to the narrator, record payment for three coaches of masqueraders." }, { "name": "The bailiff of the palace under Louis XI", "aliases": [ "the bailiff" ], "description": "An unnamed palace official whose accounts record a payment for three coaches of masqueraders." }, { "name": "Churchill", "aliases": [ "Marlborough", "Malbrouck" ], "description": "A man said to have been pelted with old shoes on his wedding day by an angry aunt, an incident the narrator connects with the custom of throwing shoes after newlyweds." }, { "name": "The aunt who pelted Churchill", "aliases": [ "the angry aunt" ], "description": "An unnamed aunt who threw shoes at Churchill, later Marlborough, on his wedding day." }, { "name": "Lord Anglès", "aliases": [ "Chief of Police Anglès", "Count Anglès" ], "description": "A police chief who sent the King a report dismissing the people of Paris as harmless and indolent." }, { "name": "Nero", "aliases": [], "description": "A Roman emperor whom the narrator says Rome loved and describes as a titanic lighterman." }, { "name": "The bride and bridegroom in the neighboring carriage", "aliases": [ "the bridal pair" ], "description": "An unnamed wedding couple seen by the maskers during the Shrove Tuesday procession." }, { "name": "The maskers’ coachman", "aliases": [ "the coachman crowned with flowers" ], "description": "An unnamed driver crowned with flowers who drives the overloaded carriage of Carnival revelers." }, { "name": "The inspectors at the Prefecture", "aliases": [ "the inspectors" ], "description": "Unnamed police officials whom Azelma fears will arrest her if she leaves the masker’s carriage." }, { "name": "The two sisters-in-law at the wedding procession", "aliases": [ "Cosette and Aunt Gillenormand" ], "description": "Cosette and Marius’s aunt ride together in the first wedding carriage on the way to the church." }, { "name": "The dead person who bequeathed Cosette money", "aliases": [ "the unknown benefactor" ], "description": "An invented deceased benefactor in Jean Valjean’s account of Cosette’s fortune; the money is actually Valjean’s savings from his years as Monsieur Madeleine." }, { "name": "The porter of the Rue de l’Homme Armé house", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "An unnamed porter who opens the door when Jean Valjean returns home with Javert. He had been asleep when Valjean called to him." }, { "name": "The grand-aunt Gillenormand", "aliases": [ "great-aunt Gillenormand" ], "description": "An unnamed elderly relative of the Gillenormand household whom Nicolette rouses after Marius is brought home." }, { "name": "The surgeon’s assistants", "aliases": [ "Basque and Nicolette" ], "description": "Basque and Nicolette, who prepare and apply bandages while the doctor treats Marius." }, { "name": "The young man Boulatruelle sees in the forest", "aliases": [ "the man" ], "description": "An unidentified man who walks into the Montfermeil forest before dawn and digs at a hole by the zinc-plastered tree. Boulatruelle recognizes his shape only vaguely and fails to catch him." }, { "name": "The sergeant at the Place du Châtelet station-house", "aliases": [ "the sergeant of police" ], "description": "An unnamed police sergeant whom Javert encounters at the station-house before writing a report." }, { "name": "The workmen who will repair the sewer sinkhole", "aliases": [ "the workmen" ], "description": "Unnamed workers expected to fill the sewer quagmire the next day; Thénardier says they might discover evidence there." }, { "name": "The examining magistrate", "aliases": [ "the examining magistrate" ], "description": "An unnamed judicial official whom Thénardier recalls from questioning, where he learned to avoid speaking too freely." }, { "name": "The examining magistrate’s clerks", "aliases": [ "the clerks" ], "description": "Unnamed officials associated with the questioning Thénardier mentions." }, { "name": "The judge who is a judge of the matter", "aliases": [ "the judge" ], "description": "An unnamed person referred to in the chapter heading about the effect Marius’s apparent death has on someone who can judge it." }, { "name": "The officers who search the prisoners at the prison", "aliases": [ "the searchers" ], "description": "Unnamed officials who search prisoners arriving after examination, according to one of Javert’s administrative observations." }, { "name": "The canteen woman at the Madelonettes", "aliases": [ "the canteen woman" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who keeps the canteen at the Madelonettes prison; Javert objects that its bars let her touch prisoners." }, { "name": "The prisoners called barkers", "aliases": [ "the barkers" ], "description": "Prisoners who summon others to the parlor for a fee, which Javert calls theft." }, { "name": "The weaving-shop contractor", "aliases": [ "the contractor" ], "description": "An unnamed contractor whose practice of withholding money for broken threads from prisoners’ weaving wages is criticized by Javert." }, { "name": "Mme. Henry", "aliases": [ "Madame Henry" ], "description": "An honest woman who keeps a neat canteen at the Conciergerie, according to Javert’s written observations." }, { "name": "The man who is a judge of the matter", "aliases": [ "the judge" ], "description": "An unnamed person referred to in the chapter heading about Marius’s apparent death." }, { "name": "Bruneseau", "aliases": [], "description": "A sewer explorer and engineer who led a seven-year survey and reconstruction of Paris’s sewers beginning in 1805. He discovered historical features and relics underground and enlisted his son-in-law Nargaud." }, { "name": "Eckberg", "aliases": [], "description": "The source cited for the account of Chinese peasants carrying human manure back from the city." }, { "name": "Liebig", "aliases": [], "description": "A source cited for the claim that Rome’s sewers absorbed the well-being of the Roman peasant." }, { "name": "Teglath-Phalasar", "aliases": [], "description": "An ancient king said in rabbinical books to have sworn by the sink of Nineveh." }, { "name": "John of Leyden", "aliases": [], "description": "A man said to have produced a false moon from the sewer of Münster." }, { "name": "Mokanna", "aliases": [ "the veiled prophet of Khorassan" ], "description": "An oriental prophet said to have caused a false sun to emerge from the cesspool of Kekscheb." }, { "name": "Mercier", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer cited for saying that the Paris sewer was abandoned to itself less than a hundred years before the account." }, { "name": "Fagon", "aliases": [], "description": "A man who attributed the malignant fever of 1685 to a large sewer opening in the Marais." }, { "name": "Decrès or Crétet", "aliases": [ "some Decrès or Crétet or other" ], "description": "An unnamed or uncertainly identified Minister of the Interior who tells Napoleon about the man eager to explore the Paris sewers." }, { "name": "Fourcroy", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whose advice led Bruneseau’s team to burn resin-soaked tow in the sewers to disinfect them during their exploration." }, { "name": "Philibert Delorme", "aliases": [ "Delorme" ], "description": "An architect commissioned by Henri II to inspect Paris’s underground drains; the date carved on a stone marks where his survey stopped." }, { "name": "Henri II", "aliases": [ "Henry II" ], "description": "The king who commissioned Philibert Delorme to inspect Paris’s subterranean drains." }, { "name": "The intelligent young workingman who survived Bruneseau’s sewer expedition", "aliases": [ "one of the survivors of this expedition" ], "description": "An unnamed worker who survived Bruneseau’s sewer exploration and later related details omitted from Bruneseau’s official report." }, { "name": "The laborers who explored the sewers with Bruneseau", "aliases": [ "the twenty laborers" ], "description": "Unnamed workers who accompanied Bruneseau underground; eight of the twenty refused to proceed beyond the first sections." }, { "name": "The sewermen", "aliases": [ "the sewer workers" ], "description": "Unnamed workers who explore, clean, and maintain Paris’s dangerous sewers. One faints during Bruneseau’s expedition, and an unnamed worker disappears into a collapsed shaft before being rescued." }, { "name": "Nargaud", "aliases": [ "Bruneseau’s son-in-law" ], "description": "Bruneseau’s son-in-law, whom he engaged to assist with the sewer works in 1806." }, { "name": "The lost orangutan of the Jardin des Plantes", "aliases": [ "the skeleton of an orangutan" ], "description": "An orangutan that disappeared from the Jardin des Plantes in 1800; its skeleton was later found in a Paris sewer." }, { "name": "The devil of the Rue des Bernardins", "aliases": [ "the devil" ], "description": "A legendary devil said to have appeared in the Rue des Bernardins near the end of the eighteenth century; the passage jokingly suggests that it drowned in a sewer." }, { "name": "Jean-Paul Marat", "aliases": [ "Marat" ], "description": "A revolutionary called the Friend of the People. Bruneseau’s team finds a torn piece of the fine shroud in which Marat was buried, which had once belonged to a marquise." }, { "name": "The marquise who had an affair with Marat", "aliases": [ "the great lady" ], "description": "An unnamed marquise with whom Marat had a historically attested love affair; the shroud fragment found in the sewer had once been her fine linen." }, { "name": "The old women who shrouded Marat", "aliases": [ "some old women" ], "description": "Unnamed women who wrapped Marat in the fine linen later discovered as a fragment in the sewer." }, { "name": "Watteau", "aliases": [], "description": "A painter whom the narrator imagines would have delighted in sketching the folds of the fine linen found in the sewer." }, { "name": "Dante", "aliases": [], "description": "A poet invoked by the narrator to describe the grim spectacle of Marat’s shroud fragment in the sewer." }, { "name": "The prefect of police during Bruneseau’s report", "aliases": [ "the prefect of police" ], "description": "An unnamed official to whom Bruneseau submitted his account of the sewer expedition." }, { "name": "Napoleon", "aliases": [ "Bonaparte", "the Emperor" ], "description": "The emperor whose government built 4,804 metres of Paris sewers, according to the narrator’s historical account." }, { "name": "Louis XVIII", "aliases": [ "the old king" ], "description": "A king whose government built 5,709 metres of Paris sewers, according to the narrator’s account." }, { "name": "Charles X", "aliases": [ "the King" ], "description": "A king whose government built 10,836 metres of Paris sewers, according to the narrator’s account." }, { "name": "Louis Philippe d’Orleans", "aliases": [ "Louis Philippe", "the Duc d’Orléans", "Prince Equality" ], "description": "The king whose government built 89,020 metres of Paris sewers, according to the narrator’s account." }, { "name": "The superintendent Monnot", "aliases": [ "Monnot" ], "description": "An unnamed-by-title superintendent who directed dangerous sewer works near the Barrière Blanche and died after the project." }, { "name": "Duleau", "aliases": [ "the engineer" ], "description": "An engineer who directed major sewer works in Paris, including the Saint-Georges sewer and the lowering of the Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth vault floor; he died after this labor." }, { "name": "The police patrol in the sewers", "aliases": [ "the patrol of the right bank", "the squad" ], "description": "Police agents and sewer workers searching Paris’s underground drains on June 6, 1832, for insurgents who might have taken refuge there. They nearly discover Jean Valjean and Marius, but turn away after hearing no further sound." }, { "name": "The sergeant in command of the sewer patrol", "aliases": [ "the sergeant" ], "description": "An unnamed police sergeant leading the right-bank sewer patrol. He orders the group to turn toward the Seine and fires once toward Jean Valjean before leaving." }, { "name": "The police agents and sewermen searching the sewers", "aliases": [ "the three squads" ], "description": "Unnamed police officers and sewer workers divided into three squads to search the drains during the June 1832 uprising." }, { "name": "Gisquet", "aliases": [ "Prefect Gisquet" ], "description": "The prefect of police who ordered a search of the sewers for defeated insurgents during the June 1832 uprising." }, { "name": "General Bugeaud", "aliases": [ "Bugeaud" ], "description": "A general assigned to sweep the streets of Paris while the police searched the sewers during the June 1832 uprising." }, { "name": "The thief tracked along the Seine", "aliases": [ "the man in the blouse", "the fugitive" ], "description": "An unnamed, ragged man followed by a police agent along the Seine. He slips through a locked sewer grating using a key and vanishes underground." }, { "name": "The horses of the hackney-coach following the Seine pursuit", "aliases": [ "the horses" ], "description": "The unnamed coachman’s horses, whose muzzles are placed in feedbags while the carriage waits on the quay." }, { "name": "The sewerman swallowed in the Rue Carême-Prenant", "aliases": [ "Blaise Poutrain" ], "description": "A sewer worker who was swallowed by a quagmire beneath a manhole in the Rue Carême-Prenant." }, { "name": "Nicholas Poutrain", "aliases": [ "Nicholas" ], "description": "Blaise Poutrain’s brother and the last grave-digger of the Charnier des Innocents cemetery in 1785." }, { "name": "Vicomte d’Escoubleau", "aliases": [ "d’Escoubleau" ], "description": "A young nobleman and hero of the siege of Lérida who was drowned in a sewer quagmire while hiding from the Duke after visiting his cousin, the Duchesse de Sourdis." }, { "name": "The Duchesse de Sourdis", "aliases": [ "Madame de Sourdis" ], "description": "A cousin of the Vicomte d’Escoubleau. After hearing of his death in a sewer, she asks for her smelling-bottle and forgets to weep." }, { "name": "The Duke from whom d’Escoubleau fled", "aliases": [ "the Duke" ], "description": "An unnamed duke whom the Vicomte d’Escoubleau was trying to evade when he took refuge in the Beautreillis sewer." }, { "name": "The rats in the elephant", "aliases": [ "the rats", "the mice" ], "description": "Rats living inside the Bastille elephant that climb onto Gavroche’s netted bed and gnaw at it. Gavroche’s voice frightens them away long enough for the children to sleep." }, { "name": "The veteran rats of the Paris sewers", "aliases": [ "the rats", "the rodents" ], "description": "Rats inhabiting Paris’s sewer network; an old one sometimes peers out at passers-by, and one bites Jean Valjean as he carries Marius underground." }, { "name": "Enjolras", "aliases": [], "description": "The uncompromising leader of the Friends of the A B C. During the final assault he shields the retreating insurgents and is captured after fighting on; he is executed by firing squad alongside Grantaire." }, { "name": "Courfeyrac", "aliases": [ "M. de Courfeyrac" ], "description": "Marius’s friend and a member of the Friends of the A B C. He fights at the barricade and is killed during the final assault." }, { "name": "Laigle de Meaux", "aliases": [ "Lesgle", "Légle", "L’Aigle", "Légle [de Meaux]", "Bossuet" ], "description": "A poor, unlucky, good-humored student nicknamed Bossuet. He fights at the barricade and is killed during the final assault." }, { "name": "Feuilly", "aliases": [], "description": "A self-educated fan-maker and orphan in the Friends of the A B C. He fights at the barricade and is killed during the final assault." }, { "name": "Combeferre", "aliases": [], "description": "A humane student in the Friends of the A B C. He is killed by bayonet thrusts while lifting a wounded soldier during the final assault." }, { "name": "Joly", "aliases": [ "Jolllly" ], "description": "A medical student who considers himself an invalid and follows eccentric health theories. He is named among the insurgents who had held the barricade’s centre before it gave way." }, { "name": "Grantaire", "aliases": [], "description": "A skeptical, heavy-drinking student who sleeps through most of the fighting at the barricade. He wakes as Enjolras is about to be executed, declares for the Republic, and is shot beside him." }, { "name": "The officer who disobeys Enjolras", "aliases": [ "the officer" ], "description": "An unnamed government officer who ignores Enjolras’s order to halt during the assault. Enjolras kills him." }, { "name": "The sergeant who orders Enjolras’s execution", "aliases": [ "the sergeant" ], "description": "An unnamed government sergeant who commands the firing squad to take aim at Enjolras." }, { "name": "The officer who delays the firing squad", "aliases": [ "the officer" ], "description": "An unnamed government officer who interrupts the execution preparations to ask Enjolras whether he wants his eyes bandaged." }, { "name": "The National Guardsman who lowers his gun", "aliases": [ "the National Guardsman" ], "description": "An unnamed guardsman who lowers his aim rather than shoot Enjolras, saying that it feels like shooting a flower." }, { "name": "The people of the Rue de la Chanvrerie", "aliases": [ "the inhabitants" ], "description": "Unnamed residents who have shut their houses during the uprising, leaving the insurgents without shelter or aid." }, { "name": "Gerard de Nerval", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer who once told the narrator that God might be dead, confusing the interruption of progress with the death of Being." }, { "name": "John Brown", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whom the narrator calls greater than Washington as an example of a heroic, defeated champion of the future." }, { "name": "Pisacane", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whom the narrator calls greater than Garibaldi as an example of a heroic, defeated champion of the future." }, { "name": "Garibaldi", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whom the narrator compares unfavorably with Pisacane in praise of heroic defeat." }, { "name": "Leonidas", "aliases": [], "description": "A Greek leader whom the narrator invokes as the model the insurgents have in mind when they accept the possibility of dying for their cause." }, { "name": "Palafox", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander who, when Suchet calls for capitulation, is said to answer that after cannon comes knife fighting." }, { "name": "The old woman watching from a window", "aliases": [ "the woman at the lighted casement" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who watches from her candlelit window; Combeferre imagines she may be an insurgent’s mother." }, { "name": "The widow’s terrified neighbor", "aliases": [ "the old woman with the mattress" ], "description": "An unnamed elderly woman who puts a mattress in front of her attic window to muffle the sound of musketry. Jean Valjean shoots its supporting ropes so the barricade’s defenders can retrieve it and use it to absorb cannon fire." }, { "name": "The two little boys from the elephant", "aliases": [ "the elder brother", "the five-year-old boy" ], "description": "The unnamed sons of the Thénardiers whom Gavroche sheltered in the Bastille elephant. Now lost and hungry in the Luxembourg garden, the older boy retrieves a brioche from the fountain and gives the larger share to his younger brother." }, { "name": "The bourgeois with the little boy", "aliases": [ "the bourgeois" ], "description": "An unnamed, smug bourgeois whom Marius had previously overheard advising his young son to avoid excesses. In the Luxembourg garden during the uprising, he takes the boy home when he fears the fighting may reach them." }, { "name": "The little boy in the Luxembourg", "aliases": [ "the little urchin" ], "description": "The bourgeois’s young son, dressed as a National Guardsman during the insurrection. He rejects his stale brioche, which his father throws toward the swans." }, { "name": "The young artillery sergeant killed by Enjolras", "aliases": [ "the captain of the piece", "the captain of the gun", "the captain of the artillery" ], "description": "A handsome, blond artillery sergeant, about twenty-five, who aims the cannon at the barricade. Enjolras shoots him as he adjusts the gun, delaying its next discharge." }, { "name": "The fireman watching the barricade from a roof", "aliases": [ "the fireman" ], "description": "An unnamed fireman who watches the barricade from a neighboring roof. Jean Valjean shoots his helmet off, and he quickly disappears." }, { "name": "The officer watching the barricade from a roof", "aliases": [ "the officer" ], "description": "An unnamed officer who takes the fireman’s place as rooftop observer. Jean Valjean shoots his helmet off, and the officer retreats." }, { "name": "Fannicot", "aliases": [ "Captain Fannicot", "the Captain Fannicot" ], "description": "A bold, impatient National Guard captain who prematurely leads his company against the Rue de la Chanvrerie barricade. The attack fails, and he is killed by cannon fire." }, { "name": "Paul Aimé Garnier", "aliases": [ "the young poet" ], "description": "A young poet mistaken for a Saint-Simonian during the June 1832 uprising because he carries a volume of the Duc de Saint-Simon’s memoirs. He escapes a pursuing National Guardsman by taking refuge under a doorway." }, { "name": "Marshal General Cavaignac de Barague", "aliases": [ "Cavaignac de Barague" ], "description": "A marshal general leading a regiment of cuirassiers during the renewed fighting in Paris on the morning of June 6, 1832." }, { "name": "Suchet", "aliases": [], "description": "A French commander whose remark during the fighting at Saragossa is recalled by Marshal Soult when people throw household vessels at soldiers from rooftops." }, { "name": "M. Clermont-Tonnerre", "aliases": [ "Clermont-Tonnerre" ], "description": "A man who, in 1822, called a battle’s decisive struggle “the tug of war,” a phrase the narrator applies to the impending assault on the barricade." }, { "name": "Madame Scarron", "aliases": [ "Madame de Maintenon" ], "description": "A woman invoked as a comparison for Courfeyrac and Bossuet’s cheerful banter amid danger." }, { "name": "Roland", "aliases": [], "description": "A legendary hero invoked by Bossuet as an example of a man who fights for the woman he loves." }, { "name": "Angélique", "aliases": [], "description": "The woman named by Bossuet as the beloved for whom Roland gives his life." }, { "name": "The artillerymen bringing the cannon", "aliases": [ "the gun-crew", "the cannoneers" ], "description": "Unnamed artillerymen who bring a cannon into position and fire grape-shot and cannonballs at the barricade. Enjolras’s men shoot many of them during a later exchange." }, { "name": "The four dead and three wounded National Guardsmen", "aliases": [ "the casualties of Fannicot’s company" ], "description": "Unnamed members of Captain Fannicot’s company who are killed or wounded by the insurgents’ first volley during its assault on the barricade." }, { "name": "The old woman who placed a mattress at her window", "aliases": [ "the old woman" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who puts her mattress outside an attic window to protect herself from bullets. Jean Valjean cuts its ropes so the barricade’s defenders can use it to deaden cannon fire." }, { "name": "The woman who fires on the National Guard from behind a blind", "aliases": [ "the woman behind the lowered blind" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who shoots at National Guardsmen from behind a lowered blind during the renewed uprising on June 6, 1832." }, { "name": "The child arrested with cartridges", "aliases": [ "the fourteen-year-old child" ], "description": "An unnamed fourteen-year-old arrested in the Rue de la Cossonerie with his pockets full of cartridges." }, { "name": "The young man who attacks cavalry alone", "aliases": [ "the young man armed with a rifle" ], "description": "An unnamed insurgent who attacks a cavalry squadron alone on a boulevard, kills its commander with a rifle shot, and is then put to the sword." }, { "name": "The commander of the cavalry squadron", "aliases": [ "the commander of the squadron" ], "description": "An unnamed cavalry officer killed by the young rifleman who attacks his squadron alone." }, { "name": "The bourgeois dram-shop keeper killed in the June insurrection", "aliases": [ "the dram-shop keeper of Pantin des Vertus", "the dram-shop keeper of la Cunette" ], "description": "An unnamed National Guardsman and tavern keeper whose establishment was closed by the riots. He is killed while defending the order and interests represented by his tea garden." }, { "name": "Henri Fonfrède", "aliases": [ "Fonfrède" ], "description": "A man whom the narrator names as one of the independent, irregular political fighters of the National Guard, a partisan of the pen." }, { "name": "The artillery sergeant’s family", "aliases": [ "his father, mother, and family" ], "description": "The unnamed parents and family of the young artillery sergeant killed by Enjolras; Combeferre imagines them as part of the human cost of the fighting." }, { "name": "Bahorel", "aliases": [], "description": "A brave, irreverent student in the Friends of the A B C. He has been killed at the barricade, and Combeferre recalls him among the dead." }, { "name": "Father Hucheloup", "aliases": [ "Hucheloup" ], "description": "The deceased former proprietor of the Corinthe wine-shop, where the insurgents have made their barricade. His old stock of wine is found in the cellar." }, { "name": "Jeanne", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman associated with the Saint-Merry barricade, which is said to have held out through the night. In a recalled episode, she answers insurgents demanding food that they will be dead within an hour." }, { "name": "The unknown blouse-wearing insurgent", "aliases": [ "the unknown blouse-wearer", "the stranger", "the passing hero" ], "description": "An unidentified insurgent who urges the fighters to remain at the barricade even if the people abandon the republicans. His words express their resolve, and he disappears without being identified." }, { "name": "The five insurgents chosen to leave the barricade", "aliases": [ "the five chosen men" ], "description": "Five unnamed insurgents selected to escape so fighters with family responsibilities can survive. Jean Valjean’s uniform lets all five depart." }, { "name": "The drunken Auvergnat asleep in the handcart", "aliases": [ "the man from Auvergne", "the corner errand-man" ], "description": "An unnamed, intoxicated man sleeping in a handcart that Gavroche takes for the barricade. The National Guard post captures him as a suspected accomplice." }, { "name": "Cournet", "aliases": [], "description": "A former naval officer and formidable insurgent who built the great barricade of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine in June 1848. He was later killed by Barthélemy in London." }, { "name": "Barthélemy", "aliases": [], "description": "A thin, taciturn former galley convict who built the barricade of the Faubourg du Temple in June 1848. He survived its fall, later killed Cournet in London, and was eventually hanged in England." }, { "name": "Colonel Monteynard", "aliases": [ "the valiant Colonel Monteynard" ], "description": "A colonel who admires the precise construction of the Faubourg du Temple barricade. A bullet breaks the cross on his breast and brings him down." }, { "name": "Saint-Just", "aliases": [], "description": "A revolutionary whose severity the narrator sees in Enjolras’s character." }, { "name": "Anacharsis Cloots", "aliases": [ "Cloots" ], "description": "A revolutionary thinker whom the narrator contrasts with Saint-Just when describing the breadth of Enjolras’s political outlook." }, { "name": "Danton", "aliases": [], "description": "A revolutionary whose qualities the narrator compares with Cournet’s." }, { "name": "Hercules", "aliases": [], "description": "The mythic hero invoked in the narrator’s comparison of Danton’s qualities." }, { "name": "General Lamarque", "aliases": [ "Lamarque" ], "description": "A celebrated general and parliamentary speaker whose death on 5 June 1832 sparks the uprising." }, { "name": "The porter shot by Le Cabuc", "aliases": [ "the gray-haired porter" ], "description": "An unnamed elderly porter whom Le Cabuc shot at a window. His dead face is still visible above the barricade as Marius arrives." }, { "name": "The passer-by who names the Lark’s meadow", "aliases": [ "the passer-by" ], "description": "An unnamed passer-by who tells Marius the name of the meadow and recalls that Ulbach killed the shepherdess of Ivry there. Another unnamed, late-walking bourgeois hears Éponine threaten the robbers near the Rue Plumet garden and hurries away." }, { "name": "Anceau", "aliases": [ "the lime-dealer" ], "description": "A lime-dealer whose dray was used to strengthen the barricade. The horses harnessed to the omnibus he helped requisition wander through the streets and stop near an abandoned barricade." }, { "name": "The friends waiting at the barricade", "aliases": [ "Marius’s friends" ], "description": "The insurgents at the Rue de la Chanvrerie barricade, including Courfeyrac and the Friends of the A B C, who are waiting for Marius." }, { "name": "The omnibus driver", "aliases": [ "the driver" ], "description": "An unnamed driver forced by Bossuet to surrender his omnibus, which is used to strengthen the barricade. Its two white horses wander through the streets after being left to stray." }, { "name": "The omnibus conductor", "aliases": [ "the conductor" ], "description": "An unnamed conductor dismissed by Bossuet after the omnibus passengers leave." }, { "name": "The passengers on the omnibus", "aliases": [ "the passengers" ], "description": "Unnamed passengers whom Bossuet makes leave the omnibus before it is used to strengthen the barricade." }, { "name": "The two white horses of the omnibus", "aliases": [ "the horses of the omnibus", "the omnibus horses" ], "description": "The horses harnessed to the omnibus Bossuet requisitioned for the barricade. Left to wander through the streets, they eventually stop near an abandoned barricade." }, { "name": "The insurgents’ sentinel at the Rue des Prêcheurs", "aliases": [ "the sentinel" ], "description": "An unnamed insurgent guarding the end of the Rue des Prêcheurs. He does not see Marius approach the barricade." }, { "name": "The insurgents’ sentinel at the end of the street", "aliases": [ "one of the two sentinels" ], "description": "An unnamed sentinel who falls back to the barricade as government troops approach." }, { "name": "The vidette of the Rue de la Petite-Truanderie", "aliases": [ "the vidette" ], "description": "An unnamed insurgent lookout who falls back to the barricade when troops approach." }, { "name": "The vidette of the Lane des Prêcheurs", "aliases": [ "the vidette" ], "description": "An unnamed insurgent lookout who stays at his post, indicating that nothing is approaching from the direction of the bridges and Halles." }, { "name": "The tall municipal guardsman who attacks Gavroche", "aliases": [ "the colossus", "the giant" ], "description": "An unnamed municipal guardsman who advances on Gavroche with his bayonet fixed. Marius shoots him before he can harm the boy." }, { "name": "The first municipal guard entering the barricade", "aliases": [ "the first municipal guard" ], "description": "An unnamed guard who enters over the omnibus and is killed by Bahorel." }, { "name": "The municipal guard who attacks Courfeyrac", "aliases": [ "the second guard" ], "description": "An unnamed guard who attacks Courfeyrac and is shot by Marius." }, { "name": "The municipal guards, soldiers, and National Guards attacking the barricade", "aliases": [ "the assailants" ], "description": "Government forces who assault the Rue de la Chanvrerie barricade. They briefly break through, then retreat when Marius threatens to ignite a barrel of powder." }, { "name": "The officer in a gorget", "aliases": [ "the officer" ], "description": "An unnamed officer who orders the insurgents to lay down their arms during the fighting at the barricade." }, { "name": "The soldier who aims at Marius", "aliases": [ "the soldier" ], "description": "An unnamed soldier who takes aim at Marius during the assault. Éponine blocks his gun, is shot, and dies from the wound." }, { "name": "The young man singing in the street", "aliases": [ "the lad", "the boy" ], "description": "Little Gavroche, a ragged, resourceful boy who joins the barricade, warns the insurgents of the attack, and fights with a gun. He is Éponine’s younger brother." }, { "name": "The insurgent guarding Javert", "aliases": [ "the insurgent with a naked sword" ], "description": "An unnamed insurgent who remains in the tap-room with the bound Javert while the others take their positions." }, { "name": "The commissary of police making the legal summons", "aliases": [ "the commissary of police" ], "description": "An unnamed official whose voice is heard making a legal summons to the insurgents from the far end of the street." }, { "name": "The municipal guards at the barricade", "aliases": [ "the municipal guards" ], "description": "Government guards who climb into the barricade during the assault. Marius’s shots and threat to blow up the barricade force them to retreat." }, { "name": "The soldiers of the line at the barricade", "aliases": [ "the soldiers" ], "description": "Government troops who join municipal and National Guards in the assault on the barricade." }, { "name": "The National Guards from the suburbs", "aliases": [ "the National Guards" ], "description": "Government troops who climb the barricade with the municipal guards and soldiers of the line." }, { "name": "The insurgents caring for the wounded", "aliases": [ "the medical students" ], "description": "Unnamed insurgents, some of them medical students, who tend the wounded after the first assault." }, { "name": "The six insurgents carrying Mabeuf’s body", "aliases": [ "the six men" ], "description": "Unnamed insurgents who make a litter of their guns and carry Mabeuf’s body into the tap-room." }, { "name": "The three inhabitants of Corinthe", "aliases": [ "the three poor creatures" ], "description": "Mother Hucheloup, Matelote, and Gibelotte, who hide in the cellar during the fighting and are later found there." }, { "name": "The Thénardier couple", "aliases": [ "the Thénardiers" ], "description": "The innkeeper and his wife who took Cosette in for money and subjected her to neglect and abuse. They have five children, including Éponine and Gavroche." }, { "name": "The mother of Little Gavroche", "aliases": [ "his mother", "the Thénardier woman" ], "description": "Thénardier’s unnamed wife and Gavroche’s mother. She and Thénardier have five children." }, { "name": "The young workman who disguised himself as a woman", "aliases": [ "the first young scamp" ], "description": "An unnamed young man who exchanged clothes with Éponine, allowing her to disguise herself as a man. The passage gives no further identifying details." }, { "name": "Lafayette", "aliases": [ "General Lafayette", "M. de Lafayette", "M. Lafayette" ], "description": "A general and political leader, named in the song Gavroche sings at the barricade." }, { "name": "Louis XVI", "aliases": [ "the king", "the tyrant" ], "description": "The king whom Marius compares with Louis Philippe while arguing that both represent a confiscation of people’s rights." }, { "name": "Washington", "aliases": [], "description": "A historical figure whose sword Marius invokes while weighing the justice of armed resistance." }, { "name": "Camille Desmoulins", "aliases": [ "Camille" ], "description": "A revolutionary figure whose pike Marius compares with Washington’s sword in his argument about resistance." }, { "name": "Timoleon", "aliases": [], "description": "A Greek leader invoked by Marius as a liberator from tyranny." }, { "name": "Brutus", "aliases": [], "description": "A Roman figure invoked by Marius in his discussion of resistance to unjust rule." }, { "name": "Marcel", "aliases": [], "description": "A historical figure named by Marius in an argument that street warfare can serve a just cause." }, { "name": "Arnould von Blankenheim", "aliases": [], "description": "A historical figure named by Marius in an argument that street warfare can serve a just cause." }, { "name": "Coligny", "aliases": [], "description": "A historical figure named by Marius in an argument that street warfare can serve a just cause." }, { "name": "Ambiorix", "aliases": [], "description": "A leader invoked by Marius as a fighter against foreign rule." }, { "name": "Artevelde", "aliases": [], "description": "A leader invoked by Marius as a fighter against foreign rule." }, { "name": "Marnix", "aliases": [], "description": "A leader invoked by Marius as a fighter against foreign rule." }, { "name": "Pelagius", "aliases": [], "description": "A leader invoked by Marius as a fighter against foreign rule." }, { "name": "Prometheus", "aliases": [], "description": "A mythological figure whom Marius uses to describe an idea beginning a struggle for liberation." }, { "name": "Aristogeiton", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure whom Marius names as completing the work begun by an idea through action." }, { "name": "Æschylus", "aliases": [ "Aeschylus" ], "description": "A playwright whom Marius invokes in a sequence linking ideas to political action." }, { "name": "Thrasybulus", "aliases": [], "description": "A leader whom Marius names as the political action following Æschylus." }, { "name": "Diderot", "aliases": [ "Denis Diderot" ], "description": "An encyclopedist whom Marius links to Danton in a sequence describing ideas followed by political action." }, { "name": "Father Mestienne", "aliases": [ "Mestienne" ], "description": "The former grave-digger of the Vaugirard cemetery and Fauchelevent’s friend, who dies just before Mother Crucifixion’s burial." }, { "name": "Matelote", "aliases": [], "description": "A large, red-haired serving-maid at Corinthe, formerly Father Hucheloup’s favorite. During the uprising she helps prepare lint and remains at the barricade." }, { "name": "Gibelotte", "aliases": [], "description": "A tall, pale, languid serving-maid at Corinthe. During the uprising she helps carry rubbish to the barricade and prepares lint." }, { "name": "The portress of Courfeyrac’s lodging", "aliases": [ "Mother Veuvain", "the concierge" ], "description": "An unnamed portress at Courfeyrac’s lodging. She tells him that a young artisan has been waiting to speak with him." }, { "name": "The child who carries Enjolras’s message", "aliases": [ "Navet" ], "description": "A small, ragged boy who carries Enjolras’s message, “A B C,” to Bossuet at Corinthe. He calls himself Navet and says he is Gavroche’s friend." }, { "name": "The dandy who loses his way", "aliases": [ "the dandy" ], "description": "An unnamed, well-dressed young man who wanders past the barricade and flees when Gavroche invites him to join the uprising." }, { "name": "Pépin", "aliases": [ "the grocer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine" ], "description": "A grocer reportedly supplying powder, vitriol, torches, and fire-pots to the insurgents at Corinthe." }, { "name": "The three insurgents helping the maids", "aliases": [ "the three bushy-haired, jolly blades" ], "description": "Three unnamed, bearded insurgents who help Mother Hucheloup, Matelote, and Gibelotte tear cloth into lint for the barricade." }, { "name": "The musicians of the Friends of the A B C", "aliases": [ "the musicians" ], "description": "Enjolras and the other armed Friends of the A B C who pass the wine-shop as Bossuet calls out to them." }, { "name": "The women making lint", "aliases": [ "the women" ], "description": "Mother Hucheloup, Matelote, and Gibelotte, who tear cloth into lint at the barricade." }, { "name": "Mother Plutarque", "aliases": [ "M. Mabeuf’s housekeeper", "the old housekeeper" ], "description": "M. Mabeuf’s unmarried, simple-minded housekeeper. She tells him there is no money for dinner, and later falls seriously ill, prompting him to sell his last book to pay for her medicine and care." }, { "name": "The president of the Horticultural Society", "aliases": [ "the president of the society" ], "description": "An unnamed official of the Horticultural Society who visits Mabeuf and asks the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce to help him." }, { "name": "The Minister of Agriculture and Commerce", "aliases": [ "the Minister" ], "description": "An unnamed minister who expresses concern for Mabeuf and invites him to dinner, but ignores him at the gathering." }, { "name": "The Minister’s wife", "aliases": [ "the beautiful woman in a low-necked gown" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who asks who Mabeuf is while he waits at her husband’s dinner gathering." }, { "name": "Royal’s successor", "aliases": [ "the second-hand bookseller at the Porte Saint-Jacques" ], "description": "An unnamed bookseller who buys Mabeuf’s last book, a copy of Diogenes Laertius, for one hundred francs." }, { "name": "The gardener who tells Mabeuf about the riots", "aliases": [ "the gardener" ], "description": "An unnamed gardener who tells Mabeuf that fighting is taking place near the Arsenal." }, { "name": "Lombier", "aliases": [ "the carpenter named Lombier" ], "description": "A carpenter preparing for the uprising who says he is going to fetch his compasses because he has no weapons. He is later killed at the Rue Ménilmontant barricade." }, { "name": "Jacqueline", "aliases": [ "the expeditious man" ], "description": "An unnamed artisan called Jacqueline who buys wine for passing workers and directs them to Filspierre, where arms and cartridges are available." }, { "name": "Filspierre", "aliases": [], "description": "A person whose premises between the Barrière Charonne and the Barrière Montreuil contain weapons and cartridges for workers preparing to fight." }, { "name": "Mavot", "aliases": [], "description": "A frequently dismissed worker seen among the conspirators preparing for the uprising. He is killed at the Rue Ménilmontant barricade the following day." }, { "name": "Pretot", "aliases": [], "description": "A worker who supports Mavot and openly says that his aim is insurrection. He is also destined to die in the fighting." }, { "name": "Lemarin", "aliases": [ "the revolutionary agent for the Faubourg Saint-Marceau" ], "description": "A revolutionary agent for the Faubourg Saint-Marceau, awaited by workers gathered near the Rue de Bercy." }, { "name": "The artisan who made a dagger from a stocking-weaver’s hook", "aliases": [ "the artisan" ], "description": "An unnamed joiner who turns a broken stocking-weaver’s hook into a dagger in preparation for the uprising." }, { "name": "The man who slept dressed to attack", "aliases": [ "the man in a fever to attack" ], "description": "An unnamed man so eager to fight that he sleeps fully dressed for three days." }, { "name": "The man with a red beard at the procession", "aliases": [ "the red-bearded man" ], "description": "An unidentified man whom a passer-by says will give the signal to fire. He reportedly performed the same role in the Quénisset affair." }, { "name": "The unknown personage who announces the arms factory plan", "aliases": [ "the personage whose name has remained unknown" ], "description": "An unidentified person who claims that two bribed overseers will open an arms factory to the people at a specified hour." }, { "name": "The two bribed overseers", "aliases": [ "the overseers who had been won over" ], "description": "Two unnamed factory overseers said to have agreed to open an arms factory to the people." }, { "name": "The man with pistols who reviews the procession", "aliases": [ "the armed man" ], "description": "An unidentified man who openly carries two pistols and appears to review the crowd during Lamarque’s funeral procession." }, { "name": "The man on horseback carrying a red flag", "aliases": [ "the man with the red flag", "the man with a pike and liberty-cap" ], "description": "An unidentified rider in black who appears among the crowd at the Austerlitz bridge, carrying either a red flag or a pike topped with a red liberty-cap." }, { "name": "Exelmans", "aliases": [], "description": "A man in the funeral procession who leaves it when a rider carrying a red flag appears." }, { "name": "Ludwig Snyder", "aliases": [], "description": "A German veteran in the crowd around Lafayette. He had fought in the American War of Independence at Trenton under Washington and at Brandywine under Lafayette." }, { "name": "Cholet", "aliases": [ "the chief of the squadron" ], "description": "A squadron chief killed by the first of three gunshots during the confrontation between the dragoons and the crowd." }, { "name": "The old deaf woman at the window", "aliases": [ "the deaf woman" ], "description": "An unnamed elderly woman killed by the second shot while closing her window." }, { "name": "The officer whose shoulder was singed", "aliases": [ "the officer" ], "description": "An unnamed officer whose shoulder is grazed by the third shot at the Austerlitz bridge." }, { "name": "The officer of the 12th Light Infantry who declares himself a Republican", "aliases": [ "the officer of the 12th Light Infantry" ], "description": "An unnamed officer who publicly says, “I am a Republican,” as Lamarque’s funeral passes." }, { "name": "The Duc de Fitz-James", "aliases": [], "description": "A duke seen wearing his hat on a balcony during the funeral procession; stones are thrown at him." }, { "name": "The German veteran’s fellow crowd member", "aliases": [ "the German" ], "description": "An unnamed German in the crowd who is identified as Ludwig Snyder." }, { "name": "The hair-dresser", "aliases": [ "the wig-maker" ], "description": "An unnamed hair-dresser whose shop Gavroche once drove the two little boys from. During the uprising, Gavroche throws a stone through his shop window." }, { "name": "The old soldier in the hair-dresser’s shop", "aliases": [ "the veteran of the legion", "the veteran" ], "description": "An unnamed veteran of Napoleon’s army who recounts his wounds from several campaigns while being shaved. He witnessed Napoleon and once received a cross from him." }, { "name": "The National Guard lancer", "aliases": [ "the lancer" ], "description": "An unnamed National Guard lancer whose horse falls in the street; Gavroche helps him and the horse up." }, { "name": "The horse of the National Guard lancer", "aliases": [ "the lancer’s horse" ], "description": "The lancer’s horse, which falls in the street and is helped up by Gavroche." }, { "name": "The rag-picker La Vargoulême", "aliases": [ "Mother Dust-Heap-Corner", "the rag-picker" ], "description": "An unnamed rag-picker who chats with three portresses in the Rue de Thorigny. She boasts about sorting the items she collects and insults Gavroche." }, { "name": "Mother Patagon", "aliases": [ "Patagon" ], "description": "One of three unnamed portresses chatting with the rag-picker. She rails against Gavroche and predicts that he will be guillotined." }, { "name": "The other two portresses in the Rue de Thorigny", "aliases": [ "the portresses" ], "description": "Two unnamed portresses who gossip with Mother Patagon and the rag-picker before insulting Gavroche." }, { "name": "Mame Bacheux", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman cited by Mother Patagon as the source of a confused report that a revolution had occurred at Pontoise." }, { "name": "The errand-boy next door", "aliases": [ "the errand-boy" ], "description": "An unnamed young man, described by Mother Patagon as having a pointed beard and carrying a gun while walking with a young woman." }, { "name": "The young woman in the pink bonnet", "aliases": [ "the young person in a pink bonnet" ], "description": "An unnamed young woman whom Mother Patagon says she has seen walking with the errand-boy." }, { "name": "The gaunt poodle", "aliases": [ "the dog" ], "description": "A thin stray dog Gavroche pities and jokes must have swallowed a cask because its ribs show." }, { "name": "The twenty young men with the tricolored flag", "aliases": [ "the young men in Rue Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie" ], "description": "A group of unnamed, long-haired young men who emerge from a dram-shop carrying a tricolored flag draped in black, led by three armed men." }, { "name": "The three armed men leading the flag group", "aliases": [ "the man with a sword", "the man with a gun", "the man with a pike" ], "description": "Three unnamed men at the head of the flag-bearing group, each armed with a sword, gun, or pike." }, { "name": "The well-dressed bourgeois offering cartridges", "aliases": [ "the bald bourgeois with a black beard" ], "description": "An unnamed, well-dressed man who publicly offers cartridges to passers-by during the uprising." }, { "name": "The woman whose home is used to make cartridges", "aliases": [ "the woman opposite the Quai de la Grève" ], "description": "An unnamed woman whose house is occupied by armed young men making cartridges; she says she did not know what cartridges were until her husband explained." }, { "name": "The husband who explains cartridges", "aliases": [ "her husband" ], "description": "An unnamed man who explains to his wife what cartridges are." }, { "name": "The mason killed in Rue de la Perle", "aliases": [ "the dead mason" ], "description": "An unnamed mason killed by a gunshot during the uprising." }, { "name": "The well-dressed man distributing money at Rue des Ménétriers", "aliases": [ "the man distributing money" ], "description": "An unnamed man who gives money to workers at a barricade." }, { "name": "The horseman paying expenses at Rue Grenetat", "aliases": [ "the horseman" ], "description": "An unnamed rider who gives what appears to be a roll of silver to a barricade commander for expenses." }, { "name": "The commander of the Rue Grenetat barricade", "aliases": [ "the one who seemed to be the commander" ], "description": "An unnamed insurgent who receives money from a horseman for the barricade’s expenses." }, { "name": "The light-haired young man carrying passwords", "aliases": [ "the young man without a cravat" ], "description": "An unidentified young man who moves between barricades carrying passwords." }, { "name": "The man placing sentinels", "aliases": [ "the man with a naked sword" ], "description": "An unidentified man wearing a blue police cap who places sentinels at barricades." }, { "name": "The man killed in Rue du Ponceau", "aliases": [ "the man with a plan of Paris" ], "description": "An unnamed man killed during the uprising who is found carrying a plan of Paris." }, { "name": "The drummer stabbed at Passage de l’Ancre", "aliases": [ "the drummer" ], "description": "An unnamed drummer struck by a dagger during the fighting." }, { "name": "The drummer attacked in Rue du Cygne", "aliases": [ "another drummer" ], "description": "An unnamed drummer attacked by thirty young men, who break his instrument and take his sword." }, { "name": "The drummer killed in Rue Grenier-Saint-Lazare", "aliases": [ "another drummer" ], "description": "An unnamed drummer killed during the uprising." }, { "name": "The three officers killed in Rue Michel-le-Comte", "aliases": [ "the officers" ], "description": "Three unnamed officers who fall one after another during the fighting." }, { "name": "Marshal Lobau", "aliases": [ "Lobau" ], "description": "A marshal who commands government forces during the uprising, with General Bugeaud serving under him." }, { "name": "Marshal Soult", "aliases": [ "Soult", "the Minister of War" ], "description": "The Minister of War, a veteran of Austerlitz, who watches the crisis with a gloomy air." }, { "name": "The man of Lyons", "aliases": [ "Lagrange" ], "description": "Lagrange, a prisoner at the Conciergerie who valiantly harangues the prisoners." }, { "name": "Armand Carrel", "aliases": [ "Carrel" ], "description": "A political figure whom rumors say has consulted Marshal Clausel about obtaining a regiment." }, { "name": "Marshal Clausel", "aliases": [ "Clausel" ], "description": "A marshal whom rumors say Armand Carrel visited during the uprising." }, { "name": "The cocoa seller in the 1839 uprising", "aliases": [ "the infirm old man" ], "description": "An unnamed old man who pushes a handcart of cocoa through fighting during the 1839 insurrection, serving both government forces and insurgents." }, { "name": "The shopkeeper in Paris during uprisings", "aliases": [ "the shopkeeper" ], "description": "A representative shopkeeper who initially dismisses distant fighting, then closes his shop and takes up his National Guard uniform when the danger approaches." }, { "name": "The old man who pushes the cocoa cart", "aliases": [ "the cocoa seller" ], "description": "An unnamed infirm old man who, during the 1839 uprising, offers cocoa to both government soldiers and insurgents." }, { "name": "The two little fellows chased from the hair-dresser’s shop", "aliases": [ "the two brats", "the two Thénardier sons given to Magnon" ], "description": "The Thénardiers’ two youngest sons, whom Gavroche had sheltered in the Bastille elephant. A hair-dresser chased them from his shop." }, { "name": "The man who falls from a diligence", "aliases": [ "the traveller" ], "description": "An unnamed traveller mentioned by Favourite as arranging for a diligence to pick him up on the quay." }, { "name": "The porter who becomes a general in revolt", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "A generic example in the narrator’s account of how revolt can turn an ordinary porter into a general; not individually identified." }, { "name": "The four gossips in the Rue de Thorigny", "aliases": [ "the three portresses and the rag-picker" ], "description": "Mother Patagon, two other portresses, and the rag-picker La Vargoulême, who gossip in a doorway as Gavroche passes." }, { "name": "The old woman who closes her window", "aliases": [ "the old deaf woman at the window" ], "description": "An unnamed deaf woman killed by a shot while closing her window during the confrontation at the Austerlitz bridge." }, { "name": "The boys who ran from the hair-dresser", "aliases": [ "the two little fellows" ], "description": "The two youngest sons of the Thénardiers, previously sheltered by Gavroche and chased from the hair-dresser’s shop." }, { "name": "M. Baour-Lormian", "aliases": [ "Baour-Lormian" ], "description": "An academician for whom Gavroche once carried out a commission." }, { "name": "The academician who influences Gavroche’s poetry", "aliases": [ "M. Baour-Lormian" ], "description": "M. Baour-Lormian, an academician for whom Gavroche once performed a commission; his influence is invoked in the chapter heading about Gavroche’s songs." }, { "name": "Mother What’s-your-name", "aliases": [ "Mother What’s-his-name" ], "description": "An unnamed shopkeeper whose old holster-pistol Gavroche takes from a bric-à-brac shop window." }, { "name": "Nini", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman Gavroche calls his concubine while theatrically declaring that he may never see her again." }, { "name": "The four sisters in the Rue de Thorigny doorway", "aliases": [ "the four gossips" ], "description": "Mother Patagon, two other portresses, and the rag-picker La Vargoulême, who gossip together while Gavroche passes." }, { "name": "The man who makes his escape", "aliases": [ "the escaped thief" ], "description": "A generalized figure in the narrator’s reflection on the daring and ingenuity of prison escapes." }, { "name": "The two young men named as inseparable friends", "aliases": [ "Orestes and Pylades" ], "description": "Two mythological friends invoked as a comparison for the inseparable pairing of Grantaire and Enjolras." }, { "name": "The six ruffians at Rue Plumet", "aliases": [ "the six men" ], "description": "Thénardier, Claquesous, Gueulemer, Babet, Brujon, and Montparnasse, who gather to rob the Rue Plumet house. Éponine stops them, and Brujon decides they should leave." }, { "name": "The childlike messenger who warns Jean Valjean", "aliases": [ "the creature larger than a child" ], "description": "An unidentified figure, larger than a child but smaller than a man, who drops a note warning Jean Valjean to move away from his house, then escapes into the Champ-de-Mars moat." }, { "name": "Marius’s mother", "aliases": [ "Madame Pontmercy" ], "description": "Georges Pontmercy’s wife and Marius’s deceased mother. M. Gillenormand keeps her portrait beside his bed and sees a resemblance between her and Marius." }, { "name": "The people at Marius’s lodging", "aliases": [ "the members of the household" ], "description": "Unnamed household members at Courfeyrac’s lodging who are present with him, Enjolras, Feuilly, and Combeferre when Marius wakes." }, { "name": "The prison watcher in the dormitory", "aliases": [ "the watcher" ], "description": "An unnamed guard sleeping in a grated cell that opens into the prisoners’ dormitory. Brujon and Gueulemer escape before he notices their tunnel through the chimney." }, { "name": "The sentinel at La Force", "aliases": [ "the sentinel", "the old soldier" ], "description": "An unnamed old soldier guarding La Force who is relieved at two in the morning. His post overlooks the gap between the prison and its outer wall." }, { "name": "The conscript sentry", "aliases": [ "the conscript", "the raw recruit" ], "description": "An unnamed young conscript who replaces the old sentinel and is found drugged and asleep beside Thénardier’s cage. Thénardier escapes with the soldier’s bayonet." }, { "name": "The jailer who visits Thénardier", "aliases": [ "the man with the dogs", "the jailer" ], "description": "An unnamed jailer who brings Thénardier food and water, checks his irons, and makes two rounds at night with two dogs. He does not notice the drugged sentry." }, { "name": "The jailer’s dogs", "aliases": [ "the two dogs" ], "description": "Two unnamed dogs accompanying the jailer on his visits to Thénardier’s cage." }, { "name": "Desrues", "aliases": [], "description": "A man said to have invented the narcotic wine Thénardier secretly obtains in prison." }, { "name": "The porter at the bath-house wicket", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "An unnamed prison employee whose wicket Brujon and Gueulemer open during their escape from La Force." }, { "name": "The prison patrol", "aliases": [ "the patrol" ], "description": "Unnamed officers whose movements Thénardier hears while hiding on the ruin’s wall." }, { "name": "The four men who enter the enclosure", "aliases": [ "the men beneath Thénardier" ], "description": "Brujon, Babet, Montparnasse, and Gueulemer, who take shelter from the rain in an enclosure beneath Thénardier. They recognize his rope and help him descend." }, { "name": "The child Gavroche fetches", "aliases": [ "the brat", "the young ’un" ], "description": "Little Gavroche, summoned by Montparnasse to climb a narrow flue and tie a rope for Thénardier’s escape." }, { "name": "The sentinel guarding La Force’s wicket", "aliases": [ "the sentinel" ], "description": "An unnamed guard posted a few paces from the enclosure where Thénardier hides. Heavy rain keeps him confined to his sentry box while the gang confers nearby." }, { "name": "The man who says “Let’s cut”", "aliases": [ "Brujon" ], "description": "Brujon, a member of Patron-Minette who waits with Babet, Montparnasse, and Gueulemer near La Force. He initially urges them to leave, then helps rescue Thénardier." }, { "name": "The man who says “It’s raining hard enough to put out the very devil’s fire”", "aliases": [ "Babet" ], "description": "Babet, a member of Patron-Minette who waits near La Force and recognizes Thénardier’s signal rope. He helps devise the rescue." }, { "name": "The man who says “There’s no hurry yet”", "aliases": [ "Montparnasse" ], "description": "Montparnasse, a member of Patron-Minette who waits near La Force for Thénardier. He fetches Gavroche to climb the flue and help with the rescue." }, { "name": "The silent man with huge shoulders", "aliases": [ "Gueulemer" ], "description": "Gueulemer, a member of Patron-Minette who waits with the others near La Force and helps Gavroche reach the shanty roof." }, { "name": "The old-clothes broker at the Temple", "aliases": [ "Babet" ], "description": "Babet, who once worked as an old-clothes broker at the Temple; Thénardier recognizes him by his use of Temple slang." }, { "name": "Poulailler", "aliases": [], "description": "A speaker of the older criminal slang cited by the narrator." }, { "name": "Cartouche", "aliases": [], "description": "A criminal whose speech is cited as an example of older slang; one phrase is attributed to him." }, { "name": "Corneille", "aliases": [], "description": "A playwright invoked by the narrator as a comparison for the grandeur of an older slang expression." }, { "name": "Alighieri", "aliases": [ "Dante" ], "description": "The poet whom the narrator compares with Machiavelli while arguing that the inner life of society deserves historical attention." }, { "name": "The king of Thunes", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed prisoner and slang speaker who engraved a maxim on a Bicêtre cell wall before being sent to the galleys." }, { "name": "Survincent", "aliases": [ "Poor Survincent" ], "description": "A poacher who endured the Châtelet prison cellar and said that rhymes helped him survive." }, { "name": "Mandrin", "aliases": [], "description": "A criminal invoked by the narrator as a speaker of slang." }, { "name": "Villon", "aliases": [ "François Villon" ], "description": "A poet whom the narrator associates with slang and attributes a slang word to." }, { "name": "La Fontaine", "aliases": [], "description": "A poet whose verse is compared with the slang word décarade." }, { "name": "Racine", "aliases": [ "Jean Racine" ], "description": "A playwright invoked in a comparison between metaphorical slang and the evolution of tragic style." }, { "name": "Euripides", "aliases": [], "description": "A playwright invoked in a comparison with the movement from Corneille to Racine." }, { "name": "Jean Bart", "aliases": [], "description": "A naval commander whose sailors’ language is described as vivid and heroic." }, { "name": "Duquesne", "aliases": [], "description": "A naval commander associated with the vivid language of the sea." }, { "name": "Suffren", "aliases": [], "description": "A naval commander associated with the vivid language of the sea." }, { "name": "Duperré", "aliases": [], "description": "A naval commander associated with the vivid language of the sea." }, { "name": "Voltaire", "aliases": [ "François-Marie Arouet" ], "description": "A writer whose use of the word camouflet is traced by the narrator to criminal slang." }, { "name": "Langleviel La Beaumelle", "aliases": [ "La Beaumelle" ], "description": "A writer whom Voltaire says deserves a hundred camouflets." }, { "name": "Turgot", "aliases": [], "description": "A leading physiocrat whom the narrator associates with progress toward the useful." }, { "name": "Rousseau", "aliases": [ "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" ], "description": "A philosopher whom the narrator associates with progress toward justice." }, { "name": "Restif de La Bretonne", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer whose works the narrator says likely excavated an especially unhealthy ideological influence among the masses." }, { "name": "Schiller", "aliases": [], "description": "A German writer whose drama The Robbers is cited in an account of the influence of ideas about theft and property." }, { "name": "Hannibal", "aliases": [], "description": "A general whose encampment serves as an image in the narrator’s reflection on confronting the past." }, { "name": "The woman who loves Marius", "aliases": [ "Cosette" ], "description": "Cosette, whose love for Marius is described as generous and as one of the loves that saves." }, { "name": "The officer of lancers seen by Cosette", "aliases": [ "the handsome lieutenant", "Lieutenant Théodule", "Théodule Gillenormand", "the Lancer" ], "description": "Théodule Gillenormand, a vain and handsome young lancer whom Cosette notices passing the garden gate while grieving for Marius. After reading Marius’s letter, she finds him hideous and later considers him insipid and ugly." }, { "name": "The little boy who sees the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the old woman’s little boy" ], "description": "An unnamed five-year-old boy whose mother points out the convicts to him as a warning." }, { "name": "Magnon", "aliases": [ "the servant-maid dismissed six months previously" ], "description": "A criminal associate of the Thénardiers who once passed Brujon’s note to Éponine. After her own two boys die, she takes the Thénardiers’ two youngest sons in their place and continues receiving money for their upkeep from M. Gillenormand." }, { "name": "Jondrette’s little brother", "aliases": [ "the little brother" ], "description": "The unnamed younger brother of the Jondrette daughters, who is friends with theatre performers and sometimes gives his sister tickets." }, { "name": "Jondrette’s spouse", "aliases": [ "his spouse", "Jondrette’s wife", "the female Jondrette", "Mother Jondrette", "Madame Thénardier", "the Thénardier woman", "the female Thénardier" ], "description": "Thénardier’s unnamed wife and mother of their five children. She helped prepare and carry out the ambush, was arrested with her husband, and gave their two youngest sons to Magnon." }, { "name": "The shorter Jondrette daughter", "aliases": [ "Jondrette’s younger daughter", "the little sister", "the younger girl", "the little girl" ], "description": "Thénardier’s younger daughter, about fourteen but stunted by poverty. She is injured, taken to the Bourbe hospital by her elder sister, and later arrested by Javert while keeping watch." }, { "name": "The long-haired accomplice in the snow", "aliases": [ "the long-haired man", "Brujon" ], "description": "A member of Patron-Minette who crouches behind a wall with Demi-Liard and discusses a planned crime." }, { "name": "The collector of Gillenormand’s rents", "aliases": [ "M. Barge" ], "description": "A retired tip-staff who pays Magnon eighty francs a month on M. Gillenormand’s behalf for the two boys she claims are his sons." }, { "name": "Mamselle Miss", "aliases": [ "the clever gallicized English thief" ], "description": "An English thief naturalized as a Parisian and associate of Magnon. Police arrest her during the raid on Magnon’s lodgings." }, { "name": "The cobbler across from Magnon’s house", "aliases": [ "the cobbler" ], "description": "An unnamed cobbler who gives the two boys an address after police arrest Magnon and clear the house." }, { "name": "The child who was caught sleeping in the elephant", "aliases": [ "the child charged with vagabondage and mutilation of a public monument" ], "description": "An unnamed child whom the courts once tried for vagabondage and damaging the Bastille elephant after finding him asleep inside it." }, { "name": "The wig-maker’s wax bride", "aliases": [ "the wax bride" ], "description": "A wax figure in a low-necked dress and orange blossoms displayed in the wig-maker’s shop window." }, { "name": "The two boys who seek shelter from the wig-maker", "aliases": [ "the elder boy", "the younger boy", "the brothers" ], "description": "The Thénardiers’ two youngest sons, now living with Magnon, who are left homeless after she is arrested. Gavroche feeds them and takes them to sleep in his shelter inside the Bastille elephant." }, { "name": "The woman who laughs at Gavroche and the boys", "aliases": [ "Mamselle Omnibus" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who laughs when she sees Gavroche leading the two boys through the street." }, { "name": "The bearded portress", "aliases": [ "the portress with the broom" ], "description": "An unnamed woman with a broom whom Gavroche addresses as he passes." }, { "name": "The pedestrian whose boots Gavroche spatters", "aliases": [ "the furious pedestrian", "the man" ], "description": "An unnamed passer-by whose polished boots Gavroche spatters while crossing a gutter; the man angrily rebukes him." }, { "name": "The beggar-girl under the porte-cochère", "aliases": [ "the beggar-girl" ], "description": "An unnamed thirteen- or fourteen-year-old girl lying cold beneath a doorway. Gavroche gives her the woollen shawl he has been wearing." }, { "name": "The baker", "aliases": [ "the proprietor in person" ], "description": "An unnamed baker who sells Gavroche white bread for the sou he offers to feed the three boys." }, { "name": "The man who tells Marius that Thénardier is in close confinement", "aliases": [ "the young licentiate in law" ], "description": "An unnamed young law graduate who tells Marius that Thénardier is being held in close confinement." }, { "name": "The four men in the empty attic", "aliases": [ "the motionless heads" ], "description": "Four unnamed accomplices whom Marius glimpses waiting silently in an unoccupied attic near his room before the ambush. At the Gorbeau garret, masked men with blackened faces join Thénardier’s attack on M. Leblanc." }, { "name": "The night prowler who carries the meat-axe", "aliases": [ "the man with the axe" ], "description": "An unnamed accomplice who carries a butcher’s pole-axe, makes a joke about splitting wood, and accompanies Thénardier’s wife. Javert identifies him as Gueulemer." }, { "name": "The patrol sergeant", "aliases": [ "the police sergeant" ], "description": "An unnamed police sergeant standing near Montparnasse and Gavroche in the street. Montparnasse warns Gavroche of his presence through a coded phrase." }, { "name": "The man who built the Bastille elephant", "aliases": [ "the architect of the elephant", "Napoleon" ], "description": "Napoleon, whom the narrator identifies as the designer of the great elephant monument at the Place de la Bastille. Gavroche uses the ruined structure as a shelter." }, { "name": "The watchman who signals Gavroche", "aliases": [ "Montparnasse" ], "description": "Montparnasse, the criminal who disguises himself and summons Gavroche from beneath the Bastille elephant with a birdlike cry. He asks Gavroche to help the prisoners escape." }, { "name": "The market-gardeners", "aliases": [ "the market-gardeners in their carts" ], "description": "Unnamed produce sellers travelling in carts toward the Paris markets at dawn. They do not notice Montparnasse and Gavroche as the pair hurry past." }, { "name": "The schoolmaster", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed schoolmaster in Montfermeil who questions Boulatruelle about his forest searches and helps Thénardier piece together his story." }, { "name": "The prison guards at La Force", "aliases": [ "the patrol" ], "description": "Unnamed guards who search doorways and alleys for nocturnal vagabonds. They pass the Bastille elephant without seeing the children sheltered inside." }, { "name": "The prison roofers", "aliases": [ "the roofers" ], "description": "Unnamed workers repairing the roof of La Force, whose scaffolding and ladders give the prisoners an opportunity to attempt escape." }, { "name": "The prisoners attempting to escape from La Force", "aliases": [ "Babet, Brujon, Guelemer, and Thénardier" ], "description": "Babet, Brujon, Gueulemer, and Thénardier plan an escape from La Force, with Montparnasse and Gavroche helping from outside." }, { "name": "Comte Coutard", "aliases": [ "the commandant of Paris" ], "description": "A general on horseback in full uniform whom Jean Valjean envies, imagining that Cosette might be dazzled by his rank and appearance." }, { "name": "The guards of the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the escort troop", "the soldier-blackguards", "the myrmidons" ], "description": "Unnamed armed guards who escort the chained convicts from Bicêtre, beat them, and march alongside their wagons. A man who appears to command them signals a brutal flogging with his whip." }, { "name": "The man who appears to command the chain-gang escort", "aliases": [ "the captain of the escort" ], "description": "An unnamed guard who appears to lead the escort and cracks his whip to signal the flogging of the chained convicts." }, { "name": "The mounted gendarmes accompanying the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the gendarmes at the head and rear of the convoy" ], "description": "Unnamed gendarmes who ride at the front and rear of the convoy transporting the convicts." }, { "name": "The convicts in the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the men on the drays", "the chained men" ], "description": "Unnamed prisoners transported in chains from Bicêtre toward the galleys. They are beaten and abused during the journey; Jean Valjean recognizes the route from his own past as a convict." }, { "name": "The former enslaved man in the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the negro on the first cart" ], "description": "An unnamed man who had been enslaved and is now among the convicts transported in the chain-gang." }, { "name": "The sick convicts on the baggage wagon", "aliases": [ "the sick men" ], "description": "Unnamed, apparently ill prisoners who are bound and stretched out on the last wagon and are beaten along with the other convicts." }, { "name": "The children running behind the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the band of children", "the street urchins" ], "description": "Unnamed children who run behind the convoy, laughing and delighting in the violence against the convicts." }, { "name": "The crowd watching the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the throng", "the spectators" ], "description": "Unnamed onlookers who gather along the road to watch the convoy; some bourgeois listen with vacant delight to the convicts’ songs." }, { "name": "The old woman who warns her little boy about the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the old woman in the crowd" ], "description": "An unnamed woman in the crowd who points out the convicts to her five-year-old son and tells him to take warning." }, { "name": "The injured man in the chain-gang", "aliases": [ "the sick man on the seventh wagon" ], "description": "An unnamed, apparently ill convict bound and lying among other sick prisoners on the baggage wagon." }, { "name": "The young man in the garden at night", "aliases": [ "the man with the round hat", "the intruder" ], "description": "An unidentified man whose shadow Cosette sees in the garden at night, frightening her. Valjean later explains that the shadow resembles one cast by a chimney pipe, though Cosette remains unsure whether she had also heard someone walking." }, { "name": "The father of Brujon", "aliases": [ "the Brujon of 1811" ], "description": "The father of the imprisoned Brujon, who carved his name into a wall at La Force in 1811." }, { "name": "The magistrate who releases Brujon", "aliases": [ "the magistrate" ], "description": "An unnamed magistrate who lets Brujon out of close confinement, hoping he will be more useful under observation in the prison courtyard." }, { "name": "The prison corporal", "aliases": [ "the corporal" ], "description": "An unnamed prison official whose attention is drawn to the unusually costly errands Brujon arranges through other prisoners." }, { "name": "Kruideniers", "aliases": [ "Bizarro" ], "description": "A feared prowler of the barriers and suspected member of Patron-Minette. Police attention falls on him after Brujon’s prison errands point toward his address." }, { "name": "Glorieux", "aliases": [ "the discharged convict", "the ex-convict" ], "description": "A feared prowler of the barriers and suspected member of Patron-Minette. Police attention falls on him after Brujon’s prison errands point toward his address." }, { "name": "Barrecarrosse", "aliases": [ "Barre-Carosse", "Monsieur Dupont" ], "description": "A feared prowler of the barriers and suspected member of Patron-Minette. Police attention falls on him after Brujon’s prison errands point toward his address." }, { "name": "The police agents and sergeants transporting Claquesous", "aliases": [ "the police agents", "the sergeants" ], "description": "Unnamed officers who transport the prisoners toward La Force and discover that Claquesous has vanished from the carriage." }, { "name": "The other inspectors in Javert’s squad", "aliases": [ "the inspectors" ], "description": "Unnamed police inspectors who serve under Javert and may know more than he does about the Prefecture’s secrets." }, { "name": "The prisoner who carries Brujon’s note", "aliases": [ "the prisoner who picks up the postilion" ], "description": "An unnamed prisoner in La Force who receives the bread pellet containing Brujon’s message and forwards it to Babet." }, { "name": "The prison watchman who sees Brujon writing", "aliases": [ "the watchman" ], "description": "An unnamed watchman who sees Brujon writing in the dormitory at night and alerts the prison guardian." }, { "name": "The prison guardian", "aliases": [ "the guardian" ], "description": "An unnamed prison official who enters the dormitory after the watchman reports Brujon writing, then places Brujon in solitary confinement." }, { "name": "The prison superintendent of the watch", "aliases": [ "the superintendent of the watch" ], "description": "An unnamed official inspecting the lower dormitory at La Force when a watchman spots Brujon writing." }, { "name": "Babet’s friend in the Salpêtrière", "aliases": [ "Babet’s good friend" ], "description": "An unnamed woman imprisoned in the Salpêtrière who receives Brujon’s note from Babet and passes it to Magnon." }, { "name": "Babet’s mistress in the Salpêtrière", "aliases": [ "Babet’s mistress" ], "description": "An unnamed woman in the Salpêtrière who receives Éponine’s coded reply through Magnon." }, { "name": "The errand-men of La Force", "aliases": [ "the errand-men" ], "description": "Unnamed prison workers who carry out errands for inmates; Brujon uses their services under the names of three comrades." }, { "name": "The sheep in prisons", "aliases": [ "the prisoners secretly sold" ], "description": "Prisoners who secretly pass information to the police, as described by the narrator." }, { "name": "Escousse", "aliases": [], "description": "A man cited by the narrator as an example of someone driven toward crime or suicide by excessive reverie." }, { "name": "Lebras", "aliases": [], "description": "A man cited by the narrator alongside Escousse as an example of someone driven toward crime or suicide by excessive reverie." }, { "name": "Ulbach", "aliases": [], "description": "The man said to have killed the shepherdess of Ivry in the meadow later called the Lark’s meadow." }, { "name": "The goat-girl of Ivry", "aliases": [ "the shepherdess of Ivry" ], "description": "An unnamed girl said to have been killed by Ulbach in the meadow later called the Lark’s meadow." }, { "name": "Royal", "aliases": [ "Royol", "the old bookseller of the Porte-Saint-Jacques" ], "description": "M. Mabeuf’s sole friend among the living, an old bookseller who has since died." }, { "name": "The chief justice in the Parliament of Paris", "aliases": [ "the magistrate" ], "description": "An unnamed magistrate from the previous century who built the secluded house and secret passage in what is now the Rue Plumet, to conceal his mistress and a child with a nurse." }, { "name": "The chief justice’s mistress", "aliases": [ "the mistress" ], "description": "An unnamed woman kept secretly by the chief justice in his secluded house in the Rue Blomet, now Rue Plumet." }, { "name": "The child and nurse hidden by the chief justice", "aliases": [ "the child and nurse" ], "description": "Unidentified individuals for whom the chief justice built a concealed back building, in case he needed to hide them." }, { "name": "Jean-Jacques Lamoignon", "aliases": [ "Lamoignon" ], "description": "A historical figure whom the narrator invokes when describing the chief justice’s garden and the imagined continuations of its former designers." }, { "name": "André Le Nôtre", "aliases": [ "Lenôtre" ], "description": "A garden designer invoked by the narrator in describing the old garden’s transformation." }, { "name": "Salvatore Ruysdael", "aliases": [ "Ruysdael" ], "description": "A painter whose name is invoked to convey the picturesque quality of the meadow near the Gobelins." }, { "name": "Gans", "aliases": [ "the Gans of the Gans and Savigny controversy" ], "description": "A German scholar whose controversy with Savigny Marius is supposed to translate into French, though he cannot work." }, { "name": "Savigny", "aliases": [ "the Savigny of the Gans and Savigny controversy" ], "description": "A German scholar whose controversy with Gans Marius is supposed to translate into French, though he cannot work." }, { "name": "The porters of Jean Valjean’s other apartments", "aliases": [ "the porters" ], "description": "Unnamed porters who serve Jean Valjean when he stays in his decoy apartments in the Rue de l’Ouest and Rue de l’Homme Armé." }, { "name": "The butcher who serves Jean Valjean and Cosette", "aliases": [ "the butcher" ], "description": "An unnamed butcher who sees Jean Valjean and calls him a queer fish; Toussaint describes Valjean as a saint." }, { "name": "The tax collector", "aliases": [ "the tax-collector" ], "description": "An unnamed official whose notices arrive at the Rue Plumet house." }, { "name": "The sergeant-major", "aliases": [ "the sergeant-major" ], "description": "An unnamed National Guard officer whom Jean Valjean willingly serves while concealing his age and identity." }, { "name": "Comte de Lobau", "aliases": [ "Count de Lobau" ], "description": "A military official whom Jean Valjean does not try to evade when serving in the National Guard." }, { "name": "Mère Gaucher", "aliases": [ "Mother Gaucher" ], "description": "A seller in the Rue du Figuier-Saint-Paul from whom Jean Valjean bought a Persian rug for Cosette’s room." }, { "name": "The chief justice’s mistress’s child", "aliases": [ "the child" ], "description": "An unnamed child for whom the chief justice’s secret back building was intended as a hiding place." }, { "name": "President Delancre", "aliases": [ "Delancre" ], "description": "The author of a treatise on the inconstancy of demons that M. Mabeuf reads in his garden." }, { "name": "Mutor de la Rubaudière", "aliases": [ "Rubaudière" ], "description": "The author of a book about the devils of Vauvert and the Gobelins that M. Mabeuf reads and later recalls while wondering whether the girl was a goblin." }, { "name": "The women who live in the Rue Plumet house", "aliases": [ "the woman" ], "description": "Cosette and Toussaint, whose presence is suggested to passers-by by the short curtains in the house’s windows." }, { "name": "Charles I", "aliases": [], "description": "An English king whose solemn downfall is contrasted with the unceremonious departure of the Bourbons." }, { "name": "Guillaume du Vair", "aliases": [], "description": "A French statesman and writer quoted on maintaining respect for kings, especially when they suffer misfortune." }, { "name": "Machiavelli", "aliases": [], "description": "An Italian writer presented as the embodiment of political fact without moral right." }, { "name": "Cromwell", "aliases": [], "description": "A revolutionary leader cited as an example of a man who could be made king after a revolution." }, { "name": "Iturbide", "aliases": [], "description": "A man of fortune cited as a possible king made after a revolution." }, { "name": "House of Brunswick", "aliases": [], "description": "A royal house cited as an example of the family sought by a later revolution to establish a dynasty." }, { "name": "House of Orleans", "aliases": [], "description": "The royal family cited as an example of the dynasty sought after a revolution; Louis Philippe belonged to it." }, { "name": "Casimir Périer", "aliases": [], "description": "A political leader who represented the restrictive side of the bourgeoisie and prevailed over Louis Philippe in establishing a quasi-legitimate place of execution." }, { "name": "Marie d’Orleans", "aliases": [], "description": "A daughter of Louis Philippe who became known as an artist and sculpted a work she named Jeanne d’Arc." }, { "name": "Charles d’Orleans", "aliases": [], "description": "A member of the Orleans family who had established its name among poets." }, { "name": "Metternich", "aliases": [], "description": "A statesman who praised two of Louis Philippe’s daughters and whose influence over European affairs is noted." }, { "name": "Louis Blanc", "aliases": [], "description": "A historian whose recent judgment of Louis Philippe had become more favorable." }, { "name": "Louis IX", "aliases": [], "description": "A king invoked as a comparison for Louis Philippe’s gentleness." }, { "name": "Beccaria", "aliases": [], "description": "A thinker whose work Louis Philippe annotated and whose principles the peerage invoked when opposing executions." }, { "name": "Fieschi", "aliases": [], "description": "The perpetrator of an attack on Louis Philippe, after which the king lamented that he had not been wounded so he could pardon him." }, { "name": "The keeper of the seals under Louis Philippe", "aliases": [ "the keeper of the seals" ], "description": "An unnamed official who resisted Louis Philippe’s efforts to pardon a political criminal." }, { "name": "The political criminal whom Louis Philippe sought to pardon", "aliases": [ "the generous figure of our day" ], "description": "An unnamed political prisoner whom Louis Philippe regarded as exceptionally generous and sought to pardon." }, { "name": "The crown attorneys under Louis Philippe", "aliases": [ "the crown attorneys", "the chatterers of the law" ], "description": "Unnamed prosecutors whose opposition Louis Philippe resisted while reviewing death sentences." }, { "name": "The witness who knew Louis Philippe", "aliases": [ "the witness" ], "description": "An unnamed person whose testimony is cited for Louis Philippe’s memory and his efforts to save condemned prisoners." }, { "name": "Polignac", "aliases": [], "description": "A political figure whom Lafayette was used to defend, illustrating the contradictions of Louis Philippe’s government." }, { "name": "The last Prince de Condé", "aliases": [ "Prince de Condé" ], "description": "The last prince of the Condé line, whose disappearance is listed among the threatening events of 1832." }, { "name": "Nicolas", "aliases": [], "description": "The Russian ruler whose hostility toward France is mentioned in the account of Europe’s tensions in 1832." }, { "name": "Ferdinand", "aliases": [], "description": "The ruler of Spain, cited among the political threats facing Europe in 1832." }, { "name": "Miguel", "aliases": [], "description": "The ruler of Portugal, cited among the political threats facing Europe in 1832." }, { "name": "Laffitte", "aliases": [], "description": "A French political and financial figure described as ruined during the crises of 1832." }, { "name": "Benjamin Constant", "aliases": [], "description": "A political thinker and writer whose death in poverty is listed among the troubles of 1832." }, { "name": "The Duchesse de Berry", "aliases": [ "the Duchess of Berry" ], "description": "A royalist figure who was in the Vendée during the political unrest of 1832." }, { "name": "The workers who swear to join the rising", "aliases": [ "the initiated", "the workingmen" ], "description": "Unnamed workingmen in Faubourg Saint-Antoine wine-shops who pledge to take to the streets and fight in a coming uprising." }, { "name": "The man seated in the corner of the wine-shop", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed man who reminds newly sworn workers of their pledge to fight." }, { "name": "The workingman who says “We have no arms!”", "aliases": [ "the workingman" ], "description": "An unnamed participant in a wine-shop gathering whose complaint about having no weapons prompts the reply that the soldiers have them." }, { "name": "The comrade who replies “The soldiers have!”", "aliases": [ "the comrade" ], "description": "An unnamed worker at a wine-shop meeting who answers a complaint about lacking arms." }, { "name": "The patriotic women in the wine-shops", "aliases": [ "the women" ], "description": "Unnamed women in some of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine wine-shops who welcome newcomers with embraces." }, { "name": "Burtot", "aliases": [], "description": "A wine-merchant whose name appears on a proclamation addressed to the National Guard in the departments." }, { "name": "The bearded man with an Italian accent", "aliases": [ "the man with his beard worn like a collar" ], "description": "An unnamed speaker who reads a revolutionary document aloud at the Marché Lenoir and draws an approving crowd." }, { "name": "The passer-by who declares “I am a Babouvist!”", "aliases": [ "the Babouvist" ], "description": "An unnamed man who mounts a post in April 1832 and proclaims himself a Babouvist; the crowd suspects him of being Gisquet." }, { "name": "The artisan who cries “Silence, citizen spy!”", "aliases": [ "the artisan" ], "description": "An unnamed worker who interrupts the supposed Babouvist speaker by calling him a spy." }, { "name": "The very well-dressed man who claims to be an agent", "aliases": [ "the agent of the committee" ], "description": "An unnamed man who tells a workingman he is a committee agent, warns him that he is suspected, and hints that he is being watched." }, { "name": "The workingman suspected of disloyalty", "aliases": [ "the workingman" ], "description": "An unnamed man whom a purported committee agent accuses of being insufficiently faithful to the movement." }, { "name": "The weaver", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed worker who urges a cabinet-maker to be initiated because a shot is soon to be fired." }, { "name": "The cabinet-maker", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed worker whom the weaver urges to be initiated before an anticipated uprising." }, { "name": "The two ragged pedestrians", "aliases": [ "the two men" ], "description": "Two unnamed passers-by who debate whether M. Philippe or the bourgeoisie governs France." }, { "name": "M. Philippe", "aliases": [], "description": "Louis Philippe, referred to by this name in a street exchange about who governs France." }, { "name": "The four men crouching in the ditch", "aliases": [ "the men in the ditch" ], "description": "Unnamed conspirators overheard discussing a plan to prevent an unidentified man from walking around Paris." }, { "name": "The intermediary for the Faubourg Saint-Antoine leaders", "aliases": [ "Aug—" ], "description": "An incompletely named chief of the Society aid for tailors on Rue Mondétour, reputed to connect the insurgent leaders with Faubourg Saint-Antoine." }, { "name": "The accused man who denies having a leader", "aliases": [ "the man accused before the Court of Peers" ], "description": "An unnamed defendant who later claims that he knew of and recognized no leader." }, { "name": "The carpenter who finds the papers", "aliases": [ "the carpenter" ], "description": "An unnamed carpenter working on a fence in Rue de Reuilly who discovers torn notes about revolutionary societies and weapons." }, { "name": "Bannerel", "aliases": [], "description": "A name on a coded list of revolutionary section members, accompanied by an inventory of eight guns and eighty-three cartridges." }, { "name": "Boubière", "aliases": [], "description": "A name on a coded list of revolutionary section members, with one pistol and forty cartridges recorded." }, { "name": "Rollet", "aliases": [], "description": "A name on a coded list of revolutionary section members, with a foil, pistol, and powder recorded." }, { "name": "Tessier", "aliases": [], "description": "A name on a coded list of revolutionary section members, with a sword and cartridge-box recorded." }, { "name": "Terreur", "aliases": [], "description": "A name on a coded list of revolutionary section members, described as brave and recorded as having eight guns." }, { "name": "Blanchard", "aliases": [], "description": "A name on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders, associated with Arbre-Sec." }, { "name": "Barra", "aliases": [], "description": "A name appearing on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders." }, { "name": "Soize", "aliases": [], "description": "A name appearing on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders." }, { "name": "Kosciusko", "aliases": [], "description": "A name appearing on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders." }, { "name": "Aubry the Butcher", "aliases": [], "description": "A name appearing with a question mark on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders." }, { "name": "Dufond", "aliases": [], "description": "A name appearing on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders, under the heading “Right of revision.”" }, { "name": "Derbac", "aliases": [], "description": "A name appearing on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders, under the heading “Fall of the Girondists.”" }, { "name": "Pinson", "aliases": [], "description": "A name appearing on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders, with a pistol and cartridges recorded." }, { "name": "Michel", "aliases": [], "description": "A name appearing on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders, with a sword recorded." }, { "name": "Tilly", "aliases": [ "the crier of the Populaire" ], "description": "A crier for the Populaire named on a list of the Society of the Rights of Man’s section leaders." }, { "name": "The honest bourgeois who finds the section list", "aliases": [ "the bourgeois" ], "description": "An unnamed man who finds a list identifying section chiefs of the Society of the Rights of Man and understands its significance." }, { "name": "Lahautière", "aliases": [], "description": "The signer of two printed revolutionary dialogues found in a package containing cartridges." }, { "name": "Pardon", "aliases": [], "description": "A man found preparing cartridges by police in 1832; he later joined the Barricade-Merry section and was killed in the 1834 insurrection." }, { "name": "Gallais", "aliases": [], "description": "A man who boasted of keeping hundreds of cartridges and flints at his home and was later killed in the Rue Beaubourg affair." }, { "name": "The furniture-dealer of Rue Moreau", "aliases": [ "the furniture-dealer" ], "description": "An unnamed shopkeeper who asks when the revolution will begin and offers his gun." }, { "name": "The neighboring shopkeeper who offers a pistol", "aliases": [ "the neighbor" ], "description": "An unnamed shopkeeper who offers to sell a small pistol to aid the coming attack." }, { "name": "The weaver urging initiation", "aliases": [ "the weaver" ], "description": "An unnamed weaver who tells a cabinet-maker to get initiated because a shot is soon to be fired." }, { "name": "The man questioned about the meeting in Rue de la Paix", "aliases": [ "the accused young man" ], "description": "An unnamed young defendant who says he led the Manuel section and received instructions from the central committee." }, { "name": "Béford", "aliases": [], "description": "A name associated with military operations that later demonstrated revolutionary activity within the army." }, { "name": "Luneville", "aliases": [], "description": "A name associated with military operations that later demonstrated revolutionary activity within the army." }, { "name": "Épinard", "aliases": [], "description": "A name associated with military operations that later demonstrated revolutionary activity within the army." }, { "name": "The man chosen for the Barrière du Maine mission", "aliases": [ "Grantaire" ], "description": "Grantaire, the skeptical and heavy-drinking student who agrees to visit the marble-workers and artists at Richefeu’s. He dons a red Robespierre waistcoat and promises Enjolras he will manage." }, { "name": "The sculptors’ workshop workers at the Barrière du Maine", "aliases": [ "the marble-workers, painters, and journeymen" ], "description": "Unnamed artists and workers who meet at Richefeu’s, where Enjolras fears their revolutionary enthusiasm is cooling." }, { "name": "The adversary playing dominoes with Grantaire", "aliases": [ "the other figure" ], "description": "An unnamed man playing dominoes with Grantaire at Richefeu’s when Enjolras arrives." }, { "name": "Ma’am Bougon", "aliases": [ "the old woman at No. 50-52", "the principal tenant at the Gorbeau house", "the old woman who waits on Marius", "the old principal lodger" ], "description": "The elderly portress and principal tenant of the Gorbeau house. Marius pays her his overdue rent and moves away after the raid; she later tells neighborhood portresses she suspects him of being an accomplice." }, { "name": "The law licentiate who frequents the courts", "aliases": [ "the young licentiate in law" ], "description": "An unnamed young law graduate who tells Marius that Thénardier is being held in close confinement." }, { "name": "The portresses who hear Ma’am Bougon’s suspicion", "aliases": [ "the portresses of the quarter" ], "description": "Unnamed neighborhood portresses to whom Ma’am Bougon says she suspects Marius was involved with the arrested robbers." }, { "name": "The 221", "aliases": [ "the 221 deputies" ], "description": "A group of 221 deputies who made Louis Philippe king in 1830." }, { "name": "The seven men whom Louis Philippe says he saved", "aliases": [ "the condemned heads" ], "description": "Seven unnamed prisoners whose death sentences Louis Philippe says he managed to overturn in one night." }, { "name": "The crowd at the Marché Lenoir", "aliases": [ "the groups" ], "description": "Unnamed people who gather around the bearded speaker and applaud his revolutionary document." }, { "name": "The man who speaks with Jondrette by the wall", "aliases": [ "the prowler of the barriers" ], "description": "An unnamed criminal-looking man whom Marius sees talking with Jondrette; Marius thinks he resembles Panchaud." }, { "name": "Father What’s-his-name", "aliases": [ "Father What’s-his-name’s team" ], "description": "An unnamed man whose team Jondrette says will already be harnessed for the planned crime." }, { "name": "The man with the iron-tipped cudgel", "aliases": [ "the thin man" ], "description": "An unnamed criminal who arrives with two other armed men and reports to Thénardier that the carriage and team are ready. He is later identified by Javert as Babet." }, { "name": "The man with the prison key", "aliases": [ "the masked man with the ventriloquist’s voice" ], "description": "An unnamed accomplice who carries a large stolen key, speaks in a ventriloquist’s voice, and signals the gang’s escape. Javert identifies him as Claquesous." }, { "name": "The man with the hammer", "aliases": [ "the old man on the bed" ], "description": "An unnamed, apparently drunken accomplice who rises with a stone-breaker’s hammer during the struggle. Thénardier calls him Boulatruelle." }, { "name": "The police agents and policemen", "aliases": [ "the squad of policemen" ], "description": "Unnamed officers summoned by Javert who enter the garret and pinion the gang." }, { "name": "The Thénardiers’ daughters", "aliases": [ "the two young girls" ], "description": "Éponine and Azelma, Thénardier’s daughters. Javert says they are in custody after the raid." }, { "name": "The old woman who rummages in the refuse", "aliases": [ "the bent old woman", "the very old woman" ], "description": "An unnamed elderly woman whom Little Gavroche jostles in the street and mocks before she recognizes him as he reaches the Gorbeau house." }, { "name": "The child in the garret scene", "aliases": [ "the little one", "the Lark", "Ursule", "Mademoiselle Fabre" ], "description": "The young woman Marius loves, whom Thénardier calls the Lark and tries to lure to the garret by letter. She is M. Leblanc’s daughter, and the false address he writes prevents her abduction." }, { "name": "The portress at Rue Saint-Dominique-D’Enfer", "aliases": [ "the portress" ], "description": "An unnamed, stout portress who tells Thénardier’s wife that she knows nothing of Urbain Fabre when she checks the false address." }, { "name": "The porter at Rue Saint-Dominique-D’Enfer", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "An unnamed porter who tells Thénardier’s wife that he knows nothing of Urbain Fabre at the address on the dictated letter." }, { "name": "The man who says “There’s only one thing left to do”", "aliases": [ "the husband" ], "description": "Thénardier, who confers with his wife about killing their prisoner when the ransom plan fails." }, { "name": "The wife who says “Cut his throat”", "aliases": [ "the wife" ], "description": "Thénardier’s unnamed wife, who advises killing M. Leblanc after learning that the address he gave is false." }, { "name": "The “man with the axe” who is growing merry", "aliases": [ "the man with the butcher’s axe" ], "description": "Gueulemer, the accomplice who removes his mask and jokes while the gang holds M. Leblanc." }, { "name": "The inspector at Rue de Pontoise", "aliases": [ "the inspector", "the police agent" ], "description": "A formidable police inspector who takes the absent commissary’s place. He identifies himself to Marius as Inspector Javert, gives him pistols, and directs him to signal when Jondrette’s trap is underway." }, { "name": "The clerk at Rue de Pontoise", "aliases": [ "the clerk" ], "description": "An unnamed clerk who tells Marius that the commissary of police is away and directs him to the inspector." }, { "name": "The house-sparrows in the Luxembourg", "aliases": [ "the sparrows" ], "description": "Sparrows skipping about the garden walk while Marius watches the young woman; he imagines they are making sport of him." }, { "name": "The waiter at Restaurant Rousseau", "aliases": [ "the waiter" ], "description": "An unnamed waiter to whom Marius gives six sous after dining with Courfeyrac." }, { "name": "Audry de Puyraveau", "aliases": [ "Audry" ], "description": "A man whose fine discourse Marius praises during dinner with Courfeyrac." }, { "name": "The modiste crossing the gutter", "aliases": [ "the woman in the street" ], "description": "An unnamed milliner whose garter Courfeyrac notices as she steps across a gutter; Marius’s shyness makes him refuse to look." }, { "name": "The man from the provinces", "aliases": [ "the provincial" ], "description": "An unnamed man introduced to Marius at breakfast, whom Marius tenderly embraces in his sudden, exuberant mood." }, { "name": "The nurses in the Luxembourg", "aliases": [ "the children’s nurses" ], "description": "Unnamed women tending children in the Luxembourg garden; Marius’s dreamy wandering makes each think he is in love with her." }, { "name": "Virgil", "aliases": [], "description": "A poet whose nymphs are invoked in the description of the young woman’s reaction to a gust of wind." }, { "name": "Theocritus", "aliases": [], "description": "A poet whose fauns are invoked in the description of the young woman’s reaction to a gust of wind." }, { "name": "The veteran in the Luxembourg", "aliases": [ "the old veteran" ], "description": "An unnamed, bent and wrinkled old soldier wearing a Louis XV-pattern uniform, with one empty sleeve, a silver chin, and a wooden leg. He winks cheerfully at Marius, who wrongly suspects he witnessed the young woman’s dress being lifted by the wind." }, { "name": "Cherubino", "aliases": [], "description": "A character invoked to describe the jealous, possessive side of Marius’s reaction to the young woman’s exposed leg." }, { "name": "The porter of the Rue de l’Ouest house", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "An unnamed porter who tells Marius that the white-haired man lives on the third floor and is a kind, property-owning man. After the man moves away without leaving an address, the porter recognizes Marius and suspects he is a police spy." }, { "name": "The man disguised as a workingman", "aliases": [ "the stranger in the cap" ], "description": "A white-haired man in workingman’s clothes and a long-visored cap whom Marius briefly thinks resembles M. Leblanc. Marius loses sight of him before he can investigate." }, { "name": "Mathieu Laensberg", "aliases": [ "Laensberg" ], "description": "The source named for two proverbial lines about the Candlemas sun and the length of winter." }, { "name": "The child in the coffin on Rue Mouffetard", "aliases": [ "the dead child" ], "description": "An unnamed child whose small coffin Marius sees illuminated by a candle; the sight makes him think of the misery of children." }, { "name": "Don Alvarès", "aliases": [ "the Spanish Captain Don Alvarès" ], "description": "A fictitious Spanish royalist cavalry captain whose name appears on a petition for charity written by Jondrette." }, { "name": "Genflot", "aliases": [ "the man of letters Genflot" ], "description": "A fictitious playwright whose name appears on a petition for charity written by Jondrette." }, { "name": "Fabantou", "aliases": [ "P. Fabantou", "the dramatic artist" ], "description": "A fictitious dramatic artist whose name appears on a petition for charity written by Jondrette." }, { "name": "Madame la Marquise de Grucheray", "aliases": [ "the marquise" ], "description": "The addressee of a charity petition falsely attributed to Don Alvarès and written by Jondrette." }, { "name": "Madame la Comtesse de Montvernet", "aliases": [ "the countess" ], "description": "The addressee of a charity petition falsely attributed to Mistress Balizard and written by Jondrette." }, { "name": "Monsieur Pabourgeot", "aliases": [ "Pabourgeot" ], "description": "An elector and wholesale stocking merchant addressed in a charity petition falsely attributed to the playwright Genflot and written by Jondrette." }, { "name": "Madame Pabourgeot", "aliases": [], "description": "The wife of Monsieur Pabourgeot, also addressed in the charity petition falsely attributed to Genflot." }, { "name": "The benevolent gentleman of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas", "aliases": [ "the old fellow who goes to mass" ], "description": "An unnamed man who attends mass at Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas and is the addressee of one of Jondrette’s false charity petitions." }, { "name": "Petrarch", "aliases": [], "description": "A poet whom the narrator says the young woman’s beauty might have inspired to sing." }, { "name": "M. Bamatabois", "aliases": [ "Bamatabois" ], "description": "A wealthy, idle dandy and elector who torments Fantine in the street. Javert witnesses Fantine attack him." }, { "name": "Diogenes", "aliases": [], "description": "A philosopher whom the narrator imagines borrowing Jean-Jacques’s pick in an allegory of underground ideas." }, { "name": "John Huss", "aliases": [ "John Hus" ], "description": "A religious reformer placed on the narrator’s allegorical descending scale of thinkers and revolutionaries." }, { "name": "Martin Luther", "aliases": [ "Luther" ], "description": "A religious reformer placed below John Huss on the narrator’s allegorical descending scale." }, { "name": "René Descartes", "aliases": [ "Descartes" ], "description": "A philosopher placed below Luther on the narrator’s allegorical descending scale." }, { "name": "Gracchus Babeuf", "aliases": [ "Babeuf" ], "description": "A revolutionary placed below Marat on the narrator’s allegorical descending scale." }, { "name": "Robert Owen", "aliases": [ "Owen" ], "description": "A social thinker named among those working in lateral galleries of the narrator’s allegorical mine." }, { "name": "Lacenaire", "aliases": [], "description": "A criminal whom the narrator presents as emerging from the social abyss; later, when questioned about a crime, he answers that perhaps Patron-Minette committed it." }, { "name": "Johann Reinhold Patkul", "aliases": [ "Schinderhannes" ], "description": "A criminal whom the narrator invokes in comparing the criminals’ underworld with revolutionary figures." }, { "name": "Marshal Brune", "aliases": [ "Brune" ], "description": "A marshal with whom Gueulemer may have had some connection, according to the narrator." }, { "name": "Babet’s wife", "aliases": [ "his wife" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who was married to Babet and had children with him; he no longer knows what became of her." }, { "name": "Babet’s children", "aliases": [ "his children" ], "description": "Babet’s unnamed children, whose whereabouts he no longer knows." }, { "name": "The woman whose child had a calf’s muzzle", "aliases": [ "the woman in the Messager" ], "description": "An unnamed woman whose unusual newborn child was reported in the Messager; Babet jokes that such a child could make his family rich." }, { "name": "Coco-Latour", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whom the narrator says was once fooled by Patron-Minette’s members into thinking they were a crowd." }, { "name": "Vidocq", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whose attempts to observe the criminal group Patron-Minette they evade." }, { "name": "The President of the Assizes who visits Lacenaire", "aliases": [ "the President" ], "description": "An unnamed judge who questions Lacenaire in prison about a crime." }, { "name": "Laveuve", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette." }, { "name": "Finistère", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette." }, { "name": "Homère-Hogu", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette, described as a Black man." }, { "name": "Mardisoir", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette; the name means Tuesday evening." }, { "name": "Dépêche", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette; the name means “make haste.”" }, { "name": "Fauntleroy", "aliases": [ "Bouquetière" ], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette, also known by the name Bouquetière, meaning “the Flower Girl.”" }, { "name": "L’Esplanade-du-Sud", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette." }, { "name": "Poussagrive", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette." }, { "name": "Carmagnolet", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette." }, { "name": "Mangedentelle", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette; the name means “Lace-eater.”" }, { "name": "Les-pieds-en-l’Air", "aliases": [], "description": "A principal member of Patron-Minette; the name means “Feet in the air.”" }, { "name": "The child born with a calf’s muzzle", "aliases": [ "the newborn in the Messager" ], "description": "An unnamed infant reported in the Messager as born with a calf’s muzzle; Babet jokes about the child’s potential as a fairground attraction." }, { "name": "Justinian", "aliases": [], "description": "A ruler whom Marius compares Napoleon to for his lawmaking." }, { "name": "Cæsar", "aliases": [ "Caesar" ], "description": "A Roman leader whom Marius compares with Napoleon’s command and achievements." }, { "name": "Blaise Pascal", "aliases": [ "Pascal" ], "description": "A thinker whose brilliance Marius invokes while praising Napoleon’s conversation." }, { "name": "Tacitus", "aliases": [], "description": "A historian whose forceful style Marius compares with Napoleon’s conversation." }, { "name": "Isaac Newton", "aliases": [ "Newton" ], "description": "A scientist whose mathematical skill Marius compares with Napoleon’s intellect." }, { "name": "Mahomet", "aliases": [ "Muhammad" ], "description": "A religious leader whose metaphorical power Marius compares with Napoleon’s." }, { "name": "Oliver Cromwell", "aliases": [ "Cromwell" ], "description": "A historical ruler whom Marius invokes in an anecdote about bargaining for a curtain tassel." }, { "name": "Laplace", "aliases": [], "description": "A scientist whom Marius says Napoleon answered at the Academy of Sciences." }, { "name": "Merlin", "aliases": [], "description": "A legal official whom Marius says Napoleon bested in the Council of State." }, { "name": "The proprietor of Marius’s hotel", "aliases": [ "the host" ], "description": "An unnamed hotel proprietor who tells Marius that Courfeyrac has answered for him and demands payment of the outstanding bill." }, { "name": "The clothes-dealer", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed dealer who buys Marius’s cast-off garments for twenty francs." }, { "name": "The watchmaker", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed watchmaker who buys Marius’s watch for forty-five francs." }, { "name": "The publisher who is Courfeyrac’s friend", "aliases": [ "Courfeyrac’s friend, the publisher" ], "description": "An unnamed publisher preparing an encyclopaedia who offers Marius poorly paid translation work." }, { "name": "Marius’s landlord", "aliases": [ "the landlord" ], "description": "An unnamed landlord who presents Marius with his hotel bill." }, { "name": "The Moniteur’s recommendation in the family quarrel", "aliases": [ "the Moniteur" ], "description": "A newspaper M. Gillenormand says should be the only one people read." }, { "name": "M. Mabeuf’s brother", "aliases": [ "the curé" ], "description": "M. Mabeuf’s brother, a priest who died around 1830. Mabeuf inherited money through him, most of which he later lost in a notary’s failure." }, { "name": "Sultan", "aliases": [], "description": "Mother Plutarque’s cat, which fills her heart and is her chief companion." }, { "name": "The Buddhist dragon", "aliases": [ "the dragon" ], "description": "A dragon in a story Mother Plutarque reads aloud; Buddha converts it." }, { "name": "Marius’s old principal tenant", "aliases": [ "the old woman who waited on Marius" ], "description": "An unnamed elderly woman who cleans Marius’s room and brings him hot water, an egg, and bread. She tells him that the Jondrette family is being evicted." }, { "name": "The butcher’s wife", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed woman in a butcher’s shop to whom Marius bows when he buys a cutlet." }, { "name": "The man Marius’s aunt calls “a blood-drinker”", "aliases": [ "Marius" ], "description": "Marius, whom M. Gillenormand had ordered his daughter not to mention after their quarrel." }, { "name": "Molière", "aliases": [ "the comedian Molière" ], "description": "A playwright whose comedies Marius thinks are underrepresented in the baccalaureate manual." }, { "name": "M. François de Neufchâteau", "aliases": [ "François de Neufchâteau" ], "description": "An editor whose edition of Gil Blas included Marius’s dissertation on Marcos Obrégon de la Ronde without crediting Marius." }, { "name": "Marcos Obrégon de la Ronde", "aliases": [], "description": "The subject of a dissertation written by Marius and placed at the head of M. François de Neufchâteau’s edition of Gil Blas." }, { "name": "The porter of the Gorbeau house", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "An unnamed porter who locks Marius out when he has not paid his rent." }, { "name": "The cook-shop man", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed shopkeeper whose insolence is among the hardships Marius endures." }, { "name": "The water-carrier", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed water-carrier whose arrival disappoints Mother Plutarque when she thinks someone has come to buy M. Mabeuf’s book." }, { "name": "Jondrette’s two daughters", "aliases": [ "Little Gavroche’s sisters" ], "description": "The unnamed daughters of Jondrette and his wife, who live with them at the Gorbeau house." }, { "name": "Marius’s first professor of German and English", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed person from whom Marius says he will learn German and English so he can take on translation work." }, { "name": "Madam Rousseau", "aliases": [ "the restaurant proprietor’s wife" ], "description": "A plump, rosy woman who presides at the desk of Restaurant Rousseau and smiles at Marius when he pays." }, { "name": "The fruiterer", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed seller from whom Marius buys a sou’s worth of Brie cheese." }, { "name": "The students in the Luxembourg", "aliases": [ "the five or six students" ], "description": "Unnamed students who notice the white-haired man and young woman sitting together in the Luxembourg garden." }, { "name": "The grisette in the Luxembourg", "aliases": [ "the grisette" ], "description": "An unnamed young woman who calls the white-haired man a tidy widower." }, { "name": "The old man’s daughter", "aliases": [ "the daughter" ], "description": "The young woman who sits with the white-haired man in the Luxembourg garden; Marius initially assumes she is his daughter." }, { "name": "The people who stare at Marius", "aliases": [ "the passers-by" ], "description": "Unnamed passers-by who notice Marius during his solitary walks; he mistakenly thinks young women stare because of his worn clothes." }, { "name": "The young women who turn to look at Marius", "aliases": [ "the pretty passers-by" ], "description": "Unnamed young women who look after Marius because of his grace, though he assumes they are laughing at his clothes." }, { "name": "The owner of the restaurant near Basset’s", "aliases": [ "the proprietor of Restaurant Rousseau" ], "description": "M. Rousseau, who runs the inexpensive restaurant where Marius dines." }, { "name": "The diligence conductor", "aliases": [ "the conductor" ], "description": "An unnamed coach conductor who calls out the Vernon stop at daybreak, waking Théodule." }, { "name": "The peasant girl selling flowers", "aliases": [ "the little peasant girl" ], "description": "An unnamed girl offering flowers to passengers at the Vernon stop. Marius buys a bouquet from her and lays it on his father’s grave." }, { "name": "The coachman of the cabriolet", "aliases": [ "the coachman" ], "description": "An unnamed driver carrying Marius in a two-wheeled vehicle through the Place Saint-Michel." }, { "name": "M. Lesgle", "aliases": [ "L’Aigle’s father", "Lesgle", "Légle" ], "description": "Laigle de Meaux’s father, descended from a keeper of the hounds surnamed Lesgueules. Louis XVIII granted him a post-office at Meaux after hearing his explanation of his name." }, { "name": "The professor who calls the school roll", "aliases": [ "the professor" ], "description": "An unnamed professor who calls the student roll at the law-school; his third call of Marius’s name prompts Laigle to answer in Marius’s place." }, { "name": "Blondeau", "aliases": [ "Blondeau the Nose", "Blondeau Nasica" ], "description": "A law-school professor who calls the roll and erases absent students after three unanswered calls. Laigle mockingly delivers a funeral oration for him." }, { "name": "Thérèse", "aliases": [], "description": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s companion, mentioned by Courfeyrac as the mother of children Rousseau presented as foundlings." }, { "name": "The dish-washer at the Café Musain", "aliases": [ "Louison" ], "description": "A café worker who passes through the Friends of the A B C’s back room on her way to wash dishes. Grantaire drunkenly addresses her as she passes." }, { "name": "The two students drafting a vaudeville", "aliases": [ "the vaudeville aspirants" ], "description": "Two unnamed students who quietly sketch out a vaudeville in the Café Musain’s back room and propose names for its characters." }, { "name": "Monsieur Dorimon", "aliases": [ "Dorimon" ], "description": "A proposed character in the vaudeville being drafted by two students; they describe him as an independent gentleman." }, { "name": "Célestine", "aliases": [], "description": "A proposed character in the vaudeville being drafted by two students; she is Monsieur Dorimon’s daughter." }, { "name": "Colonel Valsin", "aliases": [ "Colonel Sainval" ], "description": "A proposed colonel character in the vaudeville being drafted by two students; one rejects Sainval as a stale name and suggests Valsin instead." }, { "name": "The older student advising a younger student about a duel", "aliases": [ "the old fellow of thirty" ], "description": "An unnamed student who counsels an eighteen-year-old on the skill and left-handed style of his prospective dueling opponent." }, { "name": "The younger student preparing for a duel", "aliases": [ "the young one of eighteen" ], "description": "An unnamed eighteen-year-old student whom an older student advises about his prospective dueling opponent." }, { "name": "The duelist described as a fine swordsman", "aliases": [ "the adversary" ], "description": "An unnamed swordsman whom the older student describes as skilled, precise, and left-handed." }, { "name": "Musichetta", "aliases": [ "Mamselle" ], "description": "A beautiful, literary young woman with whom Joly is in love. She is described as sulking at him, while he praises her appearance and style." }, { "name": "The mistress of Bahorel", "aliases": [ "Bahorel’s mistress" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who is always laughing, according to Bahorel. He says their relationship remains peaceful because they have agreed to keep to separate boundaries." }, { "name": "The young Lallemand", "aliases": [ "Lallemand" ], "description": "A young man whose burial occasioned the bloody tumult of June 1822, in which Bahorel took part." }, { "name": "The Marquis d’Avaray", "aliases": [ "d’Avaray" ], "description": "A marquis whom Louis XVIII made a duke after he helped the king enter a hackney-coach during his emigration. He recounts the king’s encounter with M. Lesgle at Calais." }, { "name": "M. Lesgle’s ancestor", "aliases": [ "the keeper of the hounds surnamed Lesgueules" ], "description": "An unnamed keeper of the hounds whose surname, Lesgueules, was shortened and later corrupted into the family name Lesgle." }, { "name": "Irma Boissy", "aliases": [], "description": "A celebrated boot-stitcher who calls Grantaire impossible because of his homeliness." }, { "name": "The mistress who shared Bossuet’s supper", "aliases": [ "the wench" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who dines with Bossuet during an extravagant supper costing him a hundred francs." }, { "name": "The woman whom Joly loves", "aliases": [ "Joly’s mistress" ], "description": "Musichetta, Joly’s beloved, whom he says sulks at him with cruel patience." }, { "name": "The woman who is the subject of Joly’s love affair", "aliases": [ "Mamselle" ], "description": "Musichetta, the beautiful and literary young woman with whom Joly is infatuated." }, { "name": "Lancret", "aliases": [], "description": "A painter mentioned in the passage’s discussion of lovers and bourgeois couples." }, { "name": "d’Urfé", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer mentioned in the passage’s discussion of love idylls." }, { "name": "Arago", "aliases": [], "description": "A scientist from whom Combeferre learned about the polarization of light." }, { "name": "Geoffroy Sainte-Hilaire", "aliases": [], "description": "A lecturer whose explanation of the carotid arteries Combeferre recalls attending." }, { "name": "Saint-Simon", "aliases": [], "description": "A thinker whom Combeferre compares with Fourier." }, { "name": "Charles Fourier", "aliases": [ "the celebrated Fourier" ], "description": "A thinker whom Combeferre compares with Saint-Simon." }, { "name": "Puységur", "aliases": [], "description": "A thinker whom Combeferre studied." }, { "name": "Deleuze", "aliases": [], "description": "A thinker whom Combeferre studied." }, { "name": "Gracchus", "aliases": [ "Gaius Gracchus" ], "description": "A Roman tribune whom the narrator says Enjolras would have resembled on the Aventine." }, { "name": "Condorcet", "aliases": [], "description": "A thinker with whom the narrator associates Combeferre’s political principles." }, { "name": "Evadne", "aliases": [], "description": "A mythological woman whose beauty, the narrator says, would not have moved Enjolras." }, { "name": "Harmodius", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure whose devotion to his purpose is compared with Enjolras’s." }, { "name": "Beaumarchais", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer named in a comparison between Enjolras and the gallant Cherubino." }, { "name": "Jean-Baptiste Colbert", "aliases": [ "Colbert" ], "description": "A statesman mentioned in a comparison to Courfeyrac’s playful wit." }, { "name": "M. de Chauvelin", "aliases": [ "Chauvelin" ], "description": "A man who dropped the particle from his name, cited as an example of Restoration-era attitudes to nobility." }, { "name": "M. de Caumartin", "aliases": [ "Caumartin" ], "description": "A man who dropped the particle from his name, cited as an example of Restoration-era attitudes to nobility." }, { "name": "Tholomyès", "aliases": [ "Félix Tholomyès" ], "description": "A witty student whose manner the narrator compares with Courfeyrac’s. The narrator says their humor resembles each other, though Tholomyès is a district attorney in spirit while Courfeyrac is a paladin." }, { "name": "M. Delvincourt", "aliases": [ "the dean" ], "description": "An unnamed law-school dean, mocked by Bahorel as a monument." }, { "name": "Blondeau’s colleague who answered the roll", "aliases": [ "the student who answered for Marius" ], "description": "Laigle de Meaux, who answers when Blondeau calls Marius’s name so Marius will not be erased from the school roll." }, { "name": "Pollux", "aliases": [], "description": "A mythological figure used as an example of someone whose identity is bound to another man." }, { "name": "Patrocles", "aliases": [ "Patroclus" ], "description": "A mythological figure used as an example of someone whose identity is bound to another man." }, { "name": "Nisus", "aliases": [], "description": "A mythological figure used as an example of someone whose identity is bound to another man." }, { "name": "Eudamidas", "aliases": [], "description": "A historical figure used as an example of someone whose identity is bound to another man." }, { "name": "Ephestion", "aliases": [ "Hephaestion" ], "description": "A companion of Alexander the Great invoked as an example of someone defined in relation to another man." }, { "name": "Pechmeja", "aliases": [], "description": "A man invoked as an example of someone whose identity is bound to another man." }, { "name": "Strongylion", "aliases": [], "description": "A Greek sculptor whose statues were admired by Brutus and Nero, according to Grantaire." }, { "name": "The Beautiful Leg", "aliases": [ "Eucnemos" ], "description": "An Amazon statue carved by Strongylion that Nero carried on his travels, according to Grantaire." }, { "name": "Phocion", "aliases": [], "description": "An Athenian statesman whom Grantaire says the Athenians executed." }, { "name": "Anacephorus", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure whom Grantaire cites as having made a remark about Pisistratus." }, { "name": "Pisistratus", "aliases": [], "description": "A tyrant whose urine is said by Anacephorus to attract bees, in Grantaire’s speech." }, { "name": "Philetas", "aliases": [], "description": "A Greek grammarian whom Grantaire calls the most prominent man in Greece for fifty years." }, { "name": "Episthates", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure represented by a statue in Corinth; Grantaire says he invented a trip." }, { "name": "John Bull", "aliases": [], "description": "A personification of England whom Grantaire says he has little taste for." }, { "name": "Brother Jonathan", "aliases": [], "description": "A personification of the United States whom Grantaire mentions while criticizing slavery." }, { "name": "Queen Isabella", "aliases": [], "description": "A queen whose chemise Grantaire cites as an example of royal majesty’s indignities." }, { "name": "The Dauphin", "aliases": [], "description": "A royal child whose chamber-chair Grantaire cites as an example of majesty’s indignities." }, { "name": "The Grand Lama", "aliases": [], "description": "A religious leader whom Grantaire mentions while comparing Asian and European customs." }, { "name": "Cleopatra", "aliases": [], "description": "An Egyptian queen whom Grantaire invokes in a drunken boast about luxury." }, { "name": "The dish-washer whom Grantaire calls Louison", "aliases": [ "Louison" ], "description": "An unnamed Café Musain worker whom Grantaire addresses during his drunken speech." }, { "name": "The law student discussing Normandy customs", "aliases": [ "the amateur attorney" ], "description": "Bossuet, who argues in legal jargon about payments owed to a lord of the manor." }, { "name": "The student writing the vaudeville", "aliases": [ "the one who says “I will write”" ], "description": "One of two unnamed students drafting a vaudeville and taking down proposed character names." }, { "name": "The student dictating the vaudeville", "aliases": [ "the one who says “Dictate”" ], "description": "One of two unnamed students drafting a vaudeville and proposing names for its characters." }, { "name": "The student who is playing dominoes with Joly", "aliases": [ "Bahorel" ], "description": "Bahorel, who discusses his romantic arrangement with Joly while they play dominoes." }, { "name": "The student who is playing dominoes with Bahorel", "aliases": [ "Joly" ], "description": "Joly, who discusses his love life with Bahorel while they play dominoes." }, { "name": "Vaud", "aliases": [], "description": "A place invoked by Joly in a joke about the boundaries in his and Bahorel’s relationships." }, { "name": "Gex", "aliases": [], "description": "A place invoked by Joly in a joke about the boundaries in his and Bahorel’s relationships." }, { "name": "The mistress who sulks at Joly", "aliases": [ "Musichetta" ], "description": "Musichetta, Joly’s beloved, who sulks at him with what he calls cruel patience." }, { "name": "The student who takes the side of Olympus", "aliases": [ "Jean Prouvaire" ], "description": "Jean Prouvaire, who argues for the continuing presence and meaning of pagan gods." }, { "name": "Jupiter", "aliases": [], "description": "A pagan god whom Jean Prouvaire says does not seem dead." }, { "name": "Pan", "aliases": [], "description": "A pagan god whom Jean Prouvaire imagines breathing into hollow willow trunks at night." }, { "name": "Io", "aliases": [], "description": "A mythological woman whom Jean Prouvaire connects with the cascade of Pissevache." }, { "name": "Cybele", "aliases": [], "description": "A goddess whose headdress Jean Prouvaire sees in the profile of a mountain." }, { "name": "François I", "aliases": [ "Francis I" ], "description": "A king whose death is used by Courfeyrac in an argument about the cost of monarchy." }, { "name": "Desmarets", "aliases": [], "description": "An authority cited by Courfeyrac for the value of France’s national debt in 1760." }, { "name": "Touquet", "aliases": [ "the author of the Charter" ], "description": "The name associated with the Charter Courfeyrac burns during the Café Musain debate." }, { "name": "The Friends of the A B C", "aliases": [ "the society of the Friends of the A B C", "the A B C" ], "description": "A small secret society of students and workingmen that claims to educate children but aims to elevate the people. Its members meet at the Café Musain and the wine-shop Corinthe." }, { "name": "M. Gillenormand’s second wife", "aliases": [ "his second wife" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who administered M. Gillenormand’s fortune so poorly that, after her death, he had little left beyond an annuity and his house." }, { "name": "Magnon’s two children", "aliases": [ "the two brats", "the two boys" ], "description": "Two unnamed boys whom Magnon presents as M. Gillenormand’s sons. He sends them back to her and pays for their maintenance." }, { "name": "M. Gillenormand’s brother", "aliases": [ "the rector of the Academy of Poitiers" ], "description": "A priest who served as rector of the Academy of Poitiers for thirty-three years. He was a quiet miser who gave poor people bad or demonetized coins." }, { "name": "M. Gillenormand’s younger daughter", "aliases": [ "Madame Pontmercy" ], "description": "M. Gillenormand’s younger daughter, who married Georges Pontmercy and died in 1815, leaving their son Marius. She is described as loving and worthy of her husband." }, { "name": "The woman who serves Georges Pontmercy", "aliases": [ "the servant-woman", "the woman with a little lamp" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who keeps house for Pontmercy in Vernon and is present when he dies. She tells Marius that his father no longer expects him." }, { "name": "The doctor at Pontmercy’s death", "aliases": [ "the doctor" ], "description": "An unnamed physician who arrives too late to save Pontmercy and is present when Marius reaches his father’s house." }, { "name": "The curé of Vernon", "aliases": [ "M. l’Abbé Mabeuf", "the Abbé Mabeuf" ], "description": "A kind priest and brother of a Saint-Sulpice warden. He befriends Pontmercy and later tells Marius about his father’s life in Vernon." }, { "name": "Mademoiselle Vaubois", "aliases": [], "description": "An elderly unmarried friend of Mademoiselle Gillenormand, known for her ignorance and her knowledge of making preserves." }, { "name": "Madame de T.", "aliases": [ "Madame la Baronne de T." ], "description": "A widowed baroness who hosts a Royalist salon in the Rue Férou. Marius knows little of the world beyond her gatherings, where aristocrats mourn the Revolution and the Empire." }, { "name": "Baron de T.", "aliases": [ "Madame de T.’s husband" ], "description": "Madame de T.’s late husband, who served as French ambassador to Berlin under Louis XVI and left her a set of manuscripts about Mesmer." }, { "name": "M. de Bonald", "aliases": [], "description": "A man against whom M. Gillenormand had held his own in conversation." }, { "name": "M. Bengy-Puy-Vallée", "aliases": [], "description": "A man against whom M. Gillenormand had held his own in conversation." }, { "name": "The Baroness de T.’s Royalist friends", "aliases": [ "the friends assembled at her salon" ], "description": "Unnamed friends who gather twice a week at Madame de T.’s salon and share Royalist opposition to the Charter, Bonapartists, and the politics of the Restoration." }, { "name": "Monsieur, later Charles X", "aliases": [ "Monsieur", "Charles X" ], "description": "The royal prince whose prospects the Royalists in Madame de T.’s salon discuss." }, { "name": "The Comte de Lamothe-Valois", "aliases": [ "Comte de Lamothe", "M. de Lamothe" ], "description": "A Royalist salon regular known as the Lamothe of the Affair of the Necklace. The group values him for his notoriety and the name Valois." }, { "name": "Bastide", "aliases": [], "description": "A man supported by Madame de T.’s Royalist circle during the Fualdès affair." }, { "name": "Jausion", "aliases": [], "description": "A man supported by Madame de T.’s Royalist circle during the Fualdès affair." }, { "name": "Fualdès", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whose murder case became a political cause in 1816; Madame de T.’s circle sided against him because they considered him a Bonapartist." }, { "name": "Marigny", "aliases": [ "the brother of the Pompadour" ], "description": "The brother of Madame de Pompadour, who was admitted to the house of Prince de Soubise." }, { "name": "Madame de Pompadour", "aliases": [ "the Pompadour" ], "description": "Marigny’s sister, mentioned in the account of aristocratic society." }, { "name": "M. le Prince de Soubise", "aliases": [ "Prince de Soubise" ], "description": "A prince whose household admitted Marigny, the brother of Madame de Pompadour." }, { "name": "Du Barry", "aliases": [ "the godfather of Vaubernier" ], "description": "A man welcomed at the house of Marshal de Richelieu despite being a thief." }, { "name": "Vaubernier", "aliases": [], "description": "A person whose godfather was Du Barry." }, { "name": "M. le Maréchal de Richelieu", "aliases": [ "Marshal de Richelieu" ], "description": "A marshal whose house welcomed Du Barry." }, { "name": "The Prince de Guémenée", "aliases": [ "Prince de Guémenée" ], "description": "A prince cited as part of the aristocratic world in which even a notorious thief could be received." }, { "name": "The King of Prussia", "aliases": [ "the Count de Ruppin" ], "description": "A king who visited Louis XVIII after restoring him, using the name Count de Ruppin." }, { "name": "The editor of the Courrier Français", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed editor whose suspension prompted a wordplay by M. Gillenormand." }, { "name": "M. de Talleyrand", "aliases": [ "Talleyrand", "his Excellency the Evil One" ], "description": "A statesman whom M. Gillenormand mockingly calls the Evil One at a Bourbon anniversary Te Deum." }, { "name": "Madame la Comtesse de T. and her salon’s titled visitors", "aliases": [ "the noble ladies Mathan, Noé, Lévis, and Cambis" ], "description": "The salon includes several unnamed or incompletely identified aristocratic visitors, among them ladies surnamed Mathan, Noé, Lévis, and Cambis, who make a solemn impression on young Marius." }, { "name": "The Marquis de Sass****", "aliases": [], "description": "A private secretary to Madame de Berry who frequents Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The Vicomte de Val***", "aliases": [ "Charles-Antoine" ], "description": "A salon regular who publishes monorhymed odes under the pseudonym Charles-Antoine." }, { "name": "The Prince de Beauff*******", "aliases": [], "description": "A young prince with gray hair who attends Madame de T.’s salon with his witty, fashionably dressed wife." }, { "name": "The wife of the Prince de Beauff*******", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed, witty woman whose low-cut scarlet velvet dresses alarm the older visitors at Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The Marquis de C***** d’E******", "aliases": [], "description": "A salon regular described as the man in France who best understood proportioned politeness." }, { "name": "The Comte d’Am*****", "aliases": [], "description": "A kindly salon regular noted for his amiable chin." }, { "name": "The Chevalier de Port-de-Guy", "aliases": [ "M. de Port-de-Guy" ], "description": "A regular at Madame de T.’s salon and a library official who recounts being chained in the galleys at Toulon in 1793." }, { "name": "The Bishop of Mirepoix", "aliases": [], "description": "An octogenarian priest who was chained in the Toulon galleys with the young Chevalier de Port-de-Guy." }, { "name": "M. Thibord du Chalard", "aliases": [], "description": "A deputy who plays whist at Madame de T.’s Royalist salon." }, { "name": "M. Lemarchant de Gomicourt", "aliases": [], "description": "A deputy who plays whist at Madame de T.’s Royalist salon." }, { "name": "M. Cornet-Dincourt", "aliases": [ "the celebrated scoffer of the Right" ], "description": "A deputy and celebrated scoffer of the Right who plays whist at Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The bailiff de Ferrette", "aliases": [ "de Ferrette" ], "description": "A bailiff who passes through Madame de T.’s salon on his way to M. de Talleyrand and is said to have made Guimard crawl on all fours." }, { "name": "M. le Comte d’Artois", "aliases": [ "Comte d’Artois" ], "description": "A royal prince whose companion in pleasures was the bailiff de Ferrette." }, { "name": "Guimard", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman whom the bailiff de Ferrette reportedly made crawl on all fours." }, { "name": "The Abbé Halma", "aliases": [], "description": "A priest who attends Madame de T.’s salon and collaborated with M. Larose on La Foudre." }, { "name": "M. Larose", "aliases": [], "description": "A collaborator with the Abbé Halma on La Foudre, known for joking about age." }, { "name": "The Abbé Letourneur", "aliases": [], "description": "A preacher to the King who attends Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The Abbé Frayssinous", "aliases": [], "description": "A priest who attends Madame de T.’s salon before becoming a count, bishop, minister, or peer." }, { "name": "The Abbé Keravenant", "aliases": [ "the Curé of Saint-Germain-des-Prés" ], "description": "The parish priest of Saint-Germain-des-Prés who attends Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "Monsignor Macchi", "aliases": [ "the Pope’s Nuncio", "Archbishop of Nisibi", "Cardinal Macchi" ], "description": "The papal nuncio and Archbishop of Nisibi who frequents Madame de T.’s salon; he later becomes a cardinal." }, { "name": "Abbate Palmieri", "aliases": [ "Monsignor Palmieri" ], "description": "A papal domestic prelate and canon who attends Madame de T.’s salon and serves as an advocate for causes of sainthood." }, { "name": "Cardinal de la Luzerne", "aliases": [ "M. de la Luzerne" ], "description": "A cardinal and writer who attends Madame de T.’s salon and later publishes articles alongside Chateaubriand." }, { "name": "Cardinal de Cl****** T*******", "aliases": [ "the Archbishop of Toul****" ], "description": "A merry cardinal and archbishop who attends Madame de T.’s salon, dislikes the Encyclopédie, and plays billiards with his conclavist." }, { "name": "Monseigneur Cotiret", "aliases": [ "Bishop in partibus of Caryste" ], "description": "The conclavist of Cardinal de Cl****** T*******, whom the cardinal calls to watch his billiards shot." }, { "name": "The Marquis de T*******", "aliases": [ "the cardinal’s nephew" ], "description": "A nephew of Cardinal de Cl****** T******* who serves as Minister of Marine and War." }, { "name": "M. de Roquelaure", "aliases": [ "the former Bishop of Senlis" ], "description": "A former bishop and member of the Academy, friend of Cardinal de Cl****** T*******, who brings the cardinal to Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The Marquis de Vib****", "aliases": [], "description": "A peer of France who attends Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The Marquis de Tal***", "aliases": [], "description": "A peer of France who attends Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The Marquis de Herb*******", "aliases": [], "description": "A peer of France who attends Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The Vicomte Damb***", "aliases": [], "description": "A peer of France who attends Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The Duc de Val********", "aliases": [ "Prince de Mon***" ], "description": "A peer of France and foreign reigning prince who judges other ranks through the French peerage." }, { "name": "Comte Beug***", "aliases": [], "description": "A man admitted to Madame de T.’s salon on probation and subject to correction." }, { "name": "M. Martainville", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whom the narrator says had more wit than Voltaire in the era of Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "Fiévée", "aliases": [ "M. Fiévée" ], "description": "A writer whose views were believed in at the Royalist salons." }, { "name": "M. Agier", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whose opinions were treated as authoritative in the Royalist salons." }, { "name": "M. Colnet", "aliases": [ "the old bookseller and publicist of the Quai Malaquais" ], "description": "A bookseller and publicist whose writings the Royalist salons discuss." }, { "name": "M. le Marquis de Bonaparte", "aliases": [ "Lieutenant-General of the King’s armies" ], "description": "A royalist-era title for Napoleon, introduced into history by the Royalists as a concession to the times." }, { "name": "The young professor who teaches Marius", "aliases": [ "the worthy professor" ], "description": "An unnamed teacher of classical learning to whom Marius is entrusted after leaving his aunt’s care." }, { "name": "The church warden of Saint-Sulpice", "aliases": [ "the warden" ], "description": "An unnamed official who notices Pontmercy secretly watching Marius at mass and tells his brother, the curé of Vernon." }, { "name": "The old woman who owned the spring-cart at Hesdin", "aliases": [ "the old woman" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who offers Madeleine a ramshackle cart when his tilbury is damaged." }, { "name": "The ancient virgin from Madame de T.’s chapel", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle Vaubois" ], "description": "An unmarried friend of Mademoiselle Gillenormand, described as a simple-minded devotee who knows how to make preserves." }, { "name": "M. de Villèle", "aliases": [], "description": "A political leader whose advent marks the end of the period of Restoration ultra-Royalism described by the narrator." }, { "name": "M. de Deserre", "aliases": [ "Deserre" ], "description": "A member of the Dessolles ministry, used in a Royalist salon’s pun about the ministry." }, { "name": "The leader of the Dessolles ministry", "aliases": [ "M. Dessolles" ], "description": "A moderate minister whose cabinet is mocked in a pun at Madame de T.’s salon." }, { "name": "The unnamed Marquis de Créquy", "aliases": [ "Madame la Colonelle" ], "description": "A woman identified as the Marquise de Créquy, who is also called Madame la Colonelle." }, { "name": "Madame de Léon", "aliases": [ "the Princesse" ], "description": "A woman who prefers the title Madame de Léon to that of princess, perhaps in memory of earlier duchesses." }, { "name": "The Duchesses de Longueville and de Chevreuse", "aliases": [], "description": "Two duchesses invoked as possible inspiration for Madame de Léon’s preferred title." }, { "name": "M. de Vaublanc", "aliases": [ "de Vaublanc" ], "description": "A royalist official whose removal of the N’s from the bridge of Jena is cited in a debate over accepting all of France’s history." }, { "name": "M. de Bonaparte", "aliases": [ "Bonaparte", "Napoleon" ], "description": "Napoleon, whom Royalists in this period deride as the Corsican Ogre and whose legacy later becomes central to Marius’s political transformation." }, { "name": "Mirabeau", "aliases": [], "description": "A revolutionary leader whose brilliance Marius discovers while reading the histories of the Republic and Empire." }, { "name": "Vergniaud", "aliases": [], "description": "A revolutionary leader whose brilliance Marius discovers while reading the histories of the Republic and Empire." }, { "name": "Charles IX", "aliases": [ "his Majesty Charles IX" ], "description": "A king mentioned by M. Gillenormand as the father of the Duke d’Angoulême." }, { "name": "The Duc d’Angoulême", "aliases": [ "M. le Duc d’Angoulême" ], "description": "A royal prince mentioned as having married at eighty-five; M. Gillenormand cites him while dismissing the claim that he fathered Magnon’s child." }, { "name": "M. Virginal, Marquis d’Alluye", "aliases": [ "Marquis d’Alluye" ], "description": "A marquis and brother of Cardinal de Sourdis, cited by M. Gillenormand as having fathered a son at eighty-three." }, { "name": "Cardinal de Sourdis", "aliases": [], "description": "The brother of the Marquis d’Alluye, mentioned in M. Gillenormand’s account." }, { "name": "Madame la Présidente Jacquin", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman whose maid is said to have borne a son by the elderly Marquis d’Alluye." }, { "name": "The Abbé Tabaraud", "aliases": [], "description": "A prominent man whom M. Gillenormand cites as the son of an eighty-seven-year-old father." }, { "name": "Austerlitz officer and Waterloo colonel", "aliases": [ "M. Gillenormand’s son-in-law" ], "description": "Georges Pontmercy, the soldier who won the cross at Austerlitz and became a colonel at Waterloo. M. Gillenormand calls him the disgrace of the family." }, { "name": "The President of the Royalist salon", "aliases": [ "Madame la Baronne de T." ], "description": "Madame de T., a poor, proud widow whose salon is one of the few windows onto society available to young Marius." }, { "name": "Madame de Berry", "aliases": [ "Madame la Duchesse de Berry" ], "description": "A royal woman for whom the Marquis de Sass**** serves as private secretary." }, { "name": "The King’s private secretary", "aliases": [ "M. de Sass****" ], "description": "An unnamed marquis serving as private secretary to Madame de Berry." }, { "name": "The Marquise de Fervacques", "aliases": [], "description": "The name is not a character here; no new entry." }, { "name": "The vocal mother who questions Jean Valjean", "aliases": [ "the vocal mother" ], "description": "An unnamed nun who stands with the prioress during Jean Valjean’s admission and approves Fauchelevent’s answers." }, { "name": "M. de Latil", "aliases": [ "Monsieur’s confessor" ], "description": "A confessor to Monsieur who hears the archbishop praise Fauchelevent; he later becomes Archbishop of Reims and a cardinal." }, { "name": "Leo XII", "aliases": [ "Pope Leo XII" ], "description": "The reigning pope who writes to a relative in the Paris nunciature praising a supposedly holy gardener named Fauvent." }, { "name": "Della Genga", "aliases": [ "the Monsignor in the Nuncio’s establishment in Paris" ], "description": "A relative of Pope Leo XII, serving as a monsignor in the papal nunciature in Paris; the Pope addresses him by the family name Della Genga." }, { "name": "The preceding gardener at the convent", "aliases": [ "the old Chouan" ], "description": "An unnamed former gardener at the Petit-Picpus convent who died there and left a Vendean bank-note nailed to the hut wall." }, { "name": "The gamin of Paris", "aliases": [ "the street Arab", "the titi", "the homuncio", "the gnat" ], "description": "The narrator’s collective figure for the poor, resourceful street child of Paris, described as both lively and vulnerable. The passage presents this as a social type rather than one individually identified child." }, { "name": "The barber who shaves M. Gillenormand", "aliases": [ "the mad barber" ], "description": "An unnamed barber who is described as mad and detests M. Gillenormand, whom he envies for marrying a pretty, coquettish barberess." }, { "name": "The barberess", "aliases": [ "the barber’s wife" ], "description": "An unnamed pretty, coquettish woman whose husband, M. Gillenormand’s barber, is jealous of Gillenormand." }, { "name": "Nahenry", "aliases": [], "description": "A young dancer whom M. Gillenormand loved when he was sixteen; she was also sixteen and obscure at the time." }, { "name": "The Camargo", "aliases": [], "description": "A celebrated beauty whom the young M. Gillenormand recalls seeing at the opera." }, { "name": "La Sallé", "aliases": [ "the Sallé" ], "description": "A celebrated beauty whom the young M. Gillenormand recalls seeing at the opera." }, { "name": "Madame de Boufflers", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman who described the young M. Gillenormand as a charming fool." }, { "name": "Luc-Esprit", "aliases": [], "description": "The name given to M. Gillenormand by his godfather, who predicted that he would become a man of genius." }, { "name": "M. Gillenormand’s godfather", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed man who predicted that Gillenormand would become a man of genius and gave him the names Luc-Esprit." }, { "name": "The Duc de Nivernais", "aliases": [ "the Duc de Nevers" ], "description": "A duke who crowned the young M. Gillenormand after he won prizes at the College of Moulins." }, { "name": "Catherine the Second", "aliases": [ "Catherine II" ], "description": "A ruler whom M. Gillenormand credits with buying Bestucheff’s supposed elixir of gold." }, { "name": "Bestucheff", "aliases": [ "General Lamotte" ], "description": "A figure whom M. Gillenormand associates with the secret of the elixir of gold and its supposed medicinal drops." }, { "name": "M. de Vivonne", "aliases": [], "description": "A man who commissioned hangings from Louis XIV’s convicts for his mistress; M. Gillenormand later inherited them." }, { "name": "M. Gillenormand’s maternal great-aunt", "aliases": [ "the centenarian great-aunt" ], "description": "A maternal relative of M. Gillenormand who lived to a hundred and left him the elegant hangings in his boudoir." }, { "name": "M. Gillenormand’s daughter", "aliases": [ "his unmarried daughter" ], "description": "An unnamed unmarried woman over fifty, whom M. Gillenormand chastises harshly and treats as though she were a child." }, { "name": "Mother Crucifixion", "aliases": [], "description": "A revered nun of the Petit-Picpus convent who dies at daybreak. Her wish to be buried in her old coffin beneath the chapel altar leads the prioress and Fauchelevent to arrange a secret burial." }, { "name": "Mother Ascension", "aliases": [], "description": "A strong nun who is assigned to help Fauchelevent raise the chapel vault’s stone and lower Mother Crucifixion’s coffin." }, { "name": "The fruit-seller in the Rue Chemin-Vert", "aliases": [ "Fauchelevent’s fruit-seller friend" ], "description": "An unnamed, deaf woman known to Fauchelevent who has a little bed. He plans to leave Cosette with her while Jean Valjean is brought into the convent." }, { "name": "The police doctor for the dead", "aliases": [ "the dead-doctor", "the municipal doctor" ], "description": "An unnamed doctor who examines the deceased nun and certifies her death for the authorities." }, { "name": "The prioress of the Petit-Picpus convent", "aliases": [ "our mother", "Mademoiselle de Blemeur", "Mother Innocente" ], "description": "The elected superior of the Bernardine-Benedictine nuns, whose authority over the community is absolute. Usually cheerful, she is deeply concerned that Mother Crucifixion’s final wish be honored and entrusts Fauchelevent with the secret burial." }, { "name": "Madame de Béthune", "aliases": [], "description": "A Jansenist who, three years earlier, became orthodox after seeing Mother Crucifixion at prayer." }, { "name": "Cardinal de Bérulle", "aliases": [ "Pierre de Bérulle" ], "description": "A cardinal whose death while saying mass is cited by the prioress as an example of a holy death." }, { "name": "Saint Didorus", "aliases": [ "Didorus, Archbishop of Cappadocia" ], "description": "An archbishop of Cappadocia said to have requested that his tomb bear the word “Acarus,” meaning a worm of the earth." }, { "name": "Mezzocane", "aliases": [ "the blessed Mezzocane", "Abbot of Aquila" ], "description": "An abbot who, according to the prioress, wished to be buried beneath the gallows." }, { "name": "Saint Terentius", "aliases": [ "Terentius, Bishop of Port" ], "description": "A bishop said to have requested that his tomb bear the mark used on the graves of parricides." }, { "name": "Bernard Guidonis", "aliases": [ "Bernard Gui" ], "description": "A French-born bishop of Tuy whose body was carried to the Dominican church in Limoges at his own request." }, { "name": "Plantavit de la Fosse", "aliases": [], "description": "A source cited by the prioress as attesting the account of Bernard Guidonis’s burial." }, { "name": "Saint Benoît II", "aliases": [], "description": "A saint whom the prioress says resisted Constantine Pogonatus in a dispute concerning burial." }, { "name": "Constantine Pogonatus", "aliases": [], "description": "An emperor whom Saint Benoît II is said to have resisted over burial matters." }, { "name": "Chonodemaire", "aliases": [], "description": "One of seven German kings said by the prioress to have recognized nuns’ right to burial beneath an altar." }, { "name": "Martin, the eleventh general of the Carthusians", "aliases": [ "Martin" ], "description": "A Carthusian leader whose device, “Stat crux dum volvitur orbis,” is quoted by the prioress." }, { "name": "Gymnastoras", "aliases": [], "description": "A rhetorician who, after leaving prison, is said to have argued at length with a tree." }, { "name": "Saint Bernard", "aliases": [ "Bernard of Clairvaux" ], "description": "The first abbot of Clairvaux, praised at length by the prioress for his religious achievements and influence." }, { "name": "Técelin", "aliases": [], "description": "Saint Bernard’s father, named by the prioress." }, { "name": "Alèthe", "aliases": [], "description": "Saint Bernard’s mother, named by the prioress." }, { "name": "Guillaume de Champeaux", "aliases": [], "description": "The bishop of Châlon-sur-Saône who ordained Saint Bernard abbot, according to the prioress." }, { "name": "Abeilard", "aliases": [ "Abélard" ], "description": "A religious thinker whom the prioress says Saint Bernard overcame at the Council of Sens." }, { "name": "Pierre de Bruys", "aliases": [], "description": "A religious dissenter whom the prioress says Saint Bernard opposed." }, { "name": "Henry, disciple of Pierre de Bruys", "aliases": [], "description": "A disciple of Pierre de Bruys whom the prioress says Saint Bernard opposed." }, { "name": "Arnauld de Brescia", "aliases": [ "Arnold of Brescia" ], "description": "A religious figure whom the prioress says Saint Bernard confounded." }, { "name": "Raoul, the monk", "aliases": [ "the monk Raoul" ], "description": "A monk whom the prioress says Saint Bernard rebuked; she calls him a murderer of Jews." }, { "name": "Gilbert de Poréa", "aliases": [ "Gilbert de la Porrée" ], "description": "The Bishop of Poitiers, whose condemnation the prioress attributes to Saint Bernard." }, { "name": "Éon de l’Étoile", "aliases": [ "Eon de l’Étoile" ], "description": "A religious figure whose condemnation the prioress attributes to Saint Bernard." }, { "name": "Louis the Young", "aliases": [ "Louis VII" ], "description": "A king whom the prioress says Saint Bernard enlightened." }, { "name": "Pope Eugene III", "aliases": [ "Eugene III" ], "description": "A pope whom the prioress says Saint Bernard advised." }, { "name": "Saint Benoît", "aliases": [ "Saint Benedict" ], "description": "The founder of the Benedictine order, whose rule shapes the discipline of the Petit-Picpus nuns. The prioress also praises his legacy and says his body rests at Saint Benoît-sur-Loire." }, { "name": "Benoît VIII", "aliases": [ "Pope Benedict VIII" ], "description": "A pope whom Emperor Henry II is said to have restored." }, { "name": "The Saint Bernard of the Poor Catholics", "aliases": [ "Saint Bernard" ], "description": "A thirteenth-century ecclesiastic whom the prioress distinguishes from Bernard of Clairvaux." }, { "name": "César de Bus", "aliases": [], "description": "A religious figure whom the prioress says is of blessed memory, though less widely known than Voltaire." }, { "name": "Cardinal de Périgord", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed cardinal described as the last archbishop who did not know the succession of Oratorian leaders." }, { "name": "Charles de Gondren", "aliases": [ "Charles de Condren" ], "description": "An Oratorian leader who succeeded Bérulle, according to the prioress." }, { "name": "François Bourgoin", "aliases": [], "description": "An Oratorian leader who succeeded Charles de Gondren, according to the prioress." }, { "name": "Jean-François Senault", "aliases": [], "description": "An Oratorian leader who succeeded François Bourgoin, according to the prioress." }, { "name": "Father Sainte-Marthe", "aliases": [], "description": "An Oratorian leader who succeeded Jean-François Senault, according to the prioress." }, { "name": "Father Coton", "aliases": [], "description": "An Oratorian associated with the founding of the Oratory, whom the prioress says is chiefly remembered for furnishing Henri IV with oath material." }, { "name": "Saint François de Sales", "aliases": [ "François de Sales" ], "description": "A saint whom the prioress says is admired by worldly people for cheating at play." }, { "name": "Sagittaire", "aliases": [ "Sagittaire, Bishop of Gap" ], "description": "A bishop whom the prioress mentions as an example of a bad priest." }, { "name": "Salone", "aliases": [ "Salone, Bishop of Embrun" ], "description": "A bishop and brother of Sagittaire, whom the prioress mentions in criticizing bad priests." }, { "name": "Mommol", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure whom Sagittaire and Salone are said to have followed." }, { "name": "Saint Martin of Tours", "aliases": [ "Martin de Tours" ], "description": "A saint whom the prioress cites for giving half his cloak to a beggar." }, { "name": "Saint Leo II", "aliases": [ "Leo II" ], "description": "A pope said to have written letters opposing secular authority over burial matters." }, { "name": "Pierre Notaire", "aliases": [], "description": "The recipient of one of Saint Leo II’s letters concerning authority over the dead." }, { "name": "The king of the Visigoths", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed king who received a letter from Saint Leo II concerning authority over burial matters." }, { "name": "Gauthier", "aliases": [ "Gauthier, Bishop of Châlons" ], "description": "A bishop who, according to the prioress, upheld the church’s burial rights against Otho, Duke of Burgundy." }, { "name": "Otho, Duke of Burgundy", "aliases": [ "Otho" ], "description": "A duke opposed by Bishop Gauthier in a dispute over burial rights." }, { "name": "Arnoul Wion", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer whose work the prioress recommends for accounts of church history." }, { "name": "Gabriel Bucelin", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer whose work the prioress recommends for accounts of church history." }, { "name": "Trithemus", "aliases": [ "Johannes Trithemius" ], "description": "A writer whose work the prioress recommends for accounts of church history." }, { "name": "Maurolics", "aliases": [ "Francesco Maurolico" ], "description": "A writer whose work the prioress recommends for accounts of church history." }, { "name": "Dom Luc d’Achery", "aliases": [ "Luc d’Achery" ], "description": "A writer whose work the prioress recommends for accounts of church history." }, { "name": "Antipope Gregory", "aliases": [ "Gregory" ], "description": "An antipope opposed by Emperor Henry II." }, { "name": "Austin Castillejo", "aliases": [ "the monk Austin Castillejo" ], "description": "A monk cited by the narrator as the source for the story that Charles V used a coffin to visit Plombes after abdicating." }, { "name": "Charles V", "aliases": [ "Charles the Fifth" ], "description": "An emperor said to have used a coffin to visit Plombes after his abdication." }, { "name": "Plombes", "aliases": [], "description": "A person whom Charles V is said to have wanted to see for the last time after abdicating." }, { "name": "The cemetery porter", "aliases": [ "the porter of the Vaugirard cemetery" ], "description": "An unnamed gatekeeper who controls entry and exit at the cemetery and opens a small door when grave-diggers present their cards." }, { "name": "The priest at Mother Crucifixion’s burial", "aliases": [ "the priest in the surplice" ], "description": "An unnamed priest who accompanies the funeral procession and recites prayers over the coffin." }, { "name": "The choir boy at Mother Crucifixion’s burial", "aliases": [ "the choir boy in the red cap", "the child’s voice" ], "description": "An unnamed boy who accompanies the priest and responds to the burial prayers." }, { "name": "The undertaker’s men at Mother Crucifixion’s burial", "aliases": [ "the two men in gray uniforms" ], "description": "Two unnamed attendants who carry the coffin to the Vaugirard cemetery and lower it into the grave." }, { "name": "Gribier", "aliases": [ "the new grave-digger", "the grave-digger" ], "description": "The new grave-digger at the Vaugirard cemetery, a former student and public writer who also writes letters at a market stall. Fauchelevent tricks him into leaving the cemetery, enabling Jean Valjean to escape the coffin." }, { "name": "Gribier’s wife", "aliases": [ "the thin woman" ], "description": "An unnamed woman living with Gribier in his poor attic home; she has been crying after he searches for his missing cemetery card." }, { "name": "Gribier’s children", "aliases": [ "his seven small children", "the children in the attic" ], "description": "Gribier’s unnamed children, whom he says he must feed and whom Fauchelevent finds crowded with their mother in the attic." }, { "name": "The Vaugirard cemetery porter", "aliases": [ "the porter" ], "description": "An unnamed gatekeeper whose pavilion stands beside the cemetery gates; he admits grave-diggers who present their cards." }, { "name": "Perronet", "aliases": [ "the architect Perronet" ], "description": "The architect who designed the pavilion beside the Vaugirard cemetery gates." }, { "name": "The grave-digger who replaced Gribier", "aliases": [ "the new grave-digger" ], "description": "An unnamed cemetery worker briefly mistaken for the former grave-digger Father Mestienne; he turns out to be Gribier." }, { "name": "Martin Verga", "aliases": [], "description": "The founder in 1425 of the Bernardine-Benedictine congregation whose obedience the Petit-Picpus convent follows." }, { "name": "The schoolgirls of the Petit-Picpus convent", "aliases": [ "the pupils", "the young girls", "the scholars" ], "description": "Unnamed girls, mostly from noble and wealthy families, educated at the convent boarding-school. They follow its practices, visit the aged nuns, and fill the cloister with play and conversation." }, { "name": "Mademoiselle de Saint-Aulaire", "aliases": [], "description": "A noble young girl attending the boarding-school at the Petit-Picpus convent." }, { "name": "Mademoiselle de Bélissen", "aliases": [], "description": "A noble young girl attending the boarding-school at the Petit-Picpus convent." }, { "name": "The English girl Talbot", "aliases": [ "Talbot" ], "description": "An English boarding-school pupil whose family name is described as an illustrious Catholic name." }, { "name": "The young woman who kept saying “forever!”", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed former pupil who, after years of married life, still hurriedly answered a knock at the door with the convent word “forever!”" }, { "name": "The young girl visited by her mother", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed pupil who wept because she could not embrace her three-year-old little sister during a visit." }, { "name": "The mother accompanying the little sister", "aliases": [ "the mother" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who visits her daughter at the convent and brings her three-year-old child." }, { "name": "The little sister of the young pupil", "aliases": [ "the child" ], "description": "An unnamed three-year-old girl who accompanies her mother to visit her older sister at the convent." }, { "name": "The child who wished to remain at the convent", "aliases": [ "the child aged five" ], "description": "An unnamed five-year-old pupil who joyfully remarks that she has only nine years and ten months left at the convent." }, { "name": "The Vocal Mother in the history lesson", "aliases": [ "the Mother" ], "description": "An unnamed nun who questions a six-year-old pupil about a dispute over her knowledge of French history." }, { "name": "The six-year-old pupil who claims to know French history", "aliases": [ "the child" ], "description": "An unnamed pupil who insists she knows French history but cannot answer Alix’s randomly chosen question." }, { "name": "Alix", "aliases": [ "the big girl" ], "description": "A nine-year-old pupil who challenges a younger girl’s claim to know French history by asking her a question from a book." }, { "name": "The lady boarder who owned the parrot", "aliases": [ "the lady" ], "description": "An unnamed boarding-school pupil who owns a notably greedy parrot." }, { "name": "The parrot", "aliases": [ "the paroquet" ], "description": "A pet bird belonging to a boarding-school pupil, remarked upon for eating bread and butter like a person." }, { "name": "The seven-year-old pupil who wrote her confession", "aliases": [ "the sinner" ], "description": "An unnamed child who wrote a confession in advance, accusing herself of avarice, adultery, and looking at gentlemen." }, { "name": "The six-year-old storyteller", "aliases": [ "the rosy mouth" ], "description": "An unnamed pupil who invents a tale about three little cocks and a wolf for younger children." }, { "name": "The young child who composed the Punchinello poem", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed pupil who recites a short poem about Punchinello hitting a cat and being imprisoned." }, { "name": "The little abandoned child", "aliases": [ "the foundling" ], "description": "An unnamed foundling raised by the convent, who says her mother was absent when she was born." }, { "name": "Sister Agatha", "aliases": [ "Agathocles" ], "description": "A stout portress of the convent who hurries through its corridors carrying keys; older pupils call her Agathocles." }, { "name": "The Archbishop on pastoral visit", "aliases": [ "Monseigneur the Archbishop", "the archbishop" ], "description": "An unnamed archbishop who visits the convent and speaks with pupils; he alone, apart from the gardener, is admitted as a man." }, { "name": "The charming brunette pupil", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed pupil who explains the boarding-school’s corner-based nicknames to the visiting archbishop and identifies herself as a wood-louse." }, { "name": "The little one who spoke to the big girl at Écouen", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed seven-year-old pupil who jokes to a sixteen-year-old leading a procession that the older girl is a virgin but she is not." }, { "name": "The big girl who led the procession at Écouen", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed sixteen-year-old pupil who leads the procession of the Holy Sacrament at Écouen." }, { "name": "Madame Campan", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman who used to quote the joke made by a seven-year-old pupil at Écouen." }, { "name": "The reader of the saints’ lives", "aliases": [ "the big girl who reads" ], "description": "An unnamed older pupil who reads the lives of the saints aloud during meals, in weekly rotation." }, { "name": "The mother on mealtime duty", "aliases": [ "the mother whose turn it was" ], "description": "An unnamed nun who supervises the pupils’ silent meals and uses a wooden book to shoo flies." }, { "name": "Madame la Duchesse de ——", "aliases": [ "the old pupil" ], "description": "An unnamed former pupil, now described as one of the most elegant women in Paris, whose letter recalls how boarding-school girls hid fruit to eat at night." }, { "name": "Mademoiselle Bouchard", "aliases": [], "description": "A tall, blooming pupil connected to the Montmorency family who asks the visiting archbishop for leave and is granted three days." }, { "name": "M. de Quélen", "aliases": [ "the archbishop" ], "description": "The archbishop who grants Mademoiselle Bouchard three days’ leave when she boldly asks for it." }, { "name": "Madame Albertine", "aliases": [], "description": "A mysterious, mad woman living at the convent, treated with respect and believed dead by the outside world. At the sight of M. de Rohan she briefly calls out his familiar name, “Auguste.”" }, { "name": "M. Le Duc de Rohan", "aliases": [ "M. de Rohan", "Auguste", "Prince de Léon" ], "description": "A high-ranking priest who preached at the Petit-Picpus convent and later became cardinal and Archbishop of Besançon. Madame Albertine recognizes him and calls him Auguste; he had been an officer of the Red Musketeers." }, { "name": "Mesdames de Choiseul and de Sérent", "aliases": [ "the two very severe duchesses" ], "description": "Two severe duchesses who visit the convent community and cause the boarding-school pupils to tremble." }, { "name": "The young émigré gentleman who plays the flute", "aliases": [ "the unknown musician", "the young man" ], "description": "An elderly, blind, penniless émigré who plays the same tune in his attic, captivating the boarding-school girls who imagine him young." }, { "name": "Mother Sainte-Bazile", "aliases": [], "description": "An aged refugee nun in the Little Convent, remembered by the boarding-school pupils." }, { "name": "Mother Sainte-Scolastique", "aliases": [], "description": "An aged refugee nun in the Little Convent, remembered by the boarding-school pupils." }, { "name": "Mother Jacob", "aliases": [], "description": "An aged refugee nun in the Little Convent, remembered by the boarding-school pupils." }, { "name": "The nun of Sainte-Aure", "aliases": [ "the last nun of Sainte-Aure" ], "description": "The sole survivor of the Sainte-Aure order, who lived among the refugee nuns in the Little Convent and left behind a miniature figure dressed in her order’s habit." }, { "name": "Madame Beaufort d’Hautpoul", "aliases": [], "description": "An elderly society woman permitted to retire into the Little Convent." }, { "name": "Marquise Dufresne", "aliases": [], "description": "An elderly society woman permitted to retire into the Little Convent." }, { "name": "Madame Vacarmini", "aliases": [ "the woman known for her noisy nose-blowing" ], "description": "An elderly resident of the Little Convent known to the pupils by the loud noise she made when blowing her nose." }, { "name": "Madame de Genlis", "aliases": [], "description": "An elderly writer and editor who lived at the Petit-Picpus convent for six to eight months after the Duc d’Orléans recommended her. Superstitious and a Latinist, she played the harp well and left protective Latin verses in her cell." }, { "name": "The centenarian from Fontevrault", "aliases": [ "the good old woman" ], "description": "An unnamed nun over a hundred years old who lived in the Little Convent, reminisced about society before the Revolution, and secretly treasured a Faenza platter." }, { "name": "M. de Miromesnil", "aliases": [], "description": "Keeper of the Seals under Louis XVI, whom the centenarian from Fontevrault often recalled as an acquaintance." }, { "name": "Presidentess Duplat", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman who had been very intimate with the centenarian from Fontevrault." }, { "name": "M. the Prior and Vicar-General of Saint-Germain des Prés", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed church official who ordered a solemn procession after the sacrament was profaned in Paris in 1649." }, { "name": "The Pope’s Nuncio at the 1649 procession", "aliases": [ "the Pope’s Nuncio" ], "description": "An unnamed papal envoy who officiated at the procession ordered after the sacrilege in Paris." }, { "name": "Madame Courtin", "aliases": [ "Marquise de Boucs" ], "description": "A devout woman who donated money to Mother Catherine de Bar to establish a convent devoted to perpetual adoration." }, { "name": "The Comtesse de Châteauvieux", "aliases": [], "description": "A devout woman who donated money to Mother Catherine de Bar to establish a convent devoted to perpetual adoration." }, { "name": "Mother Catherine de Bar", "aliases": [ "Mother Catherine de Bar, called of the Holy Sacrament" ], "description": "A Benedictine nun who received donations from Madame Courtin and the Comtesse de Châteauvieux to found a monastery devoted to perpetual adoration." }, { "name": "M. de Metz", "aliases": [ "the Abbé of Saint-Germain" ], "description": "The abbot of Saint-Germain who gave the first permission for Mother Catherine de Bar’s convent foundation, subject to an income requirement for entrants." }, { "name": "Pope Alexander VII", "aliases": [ "Alexander VII" ], "description": "The pope who authorized the Bernardines of the Rue Petit-Picpus in 1657 to practise perpetual adoration." }, { "name": "The young nun who died at twenty-three", "aliases": [ "the latter" ], "description": "An unnamed Petit-Picpus nun who died at twenty-three during the convent’s decline." }, { "name": "Marguerite de Blemeur", "aliases": [], "description": "An author of lives of saints of the Order of Saint-Benoît, whose family included Mademoiselle de Blemeur, later Mother Innocente." }, { "name": "Mother Cineres", "aliases": [], "description": "An elderly Spanish nun who served as sub-prioress of the Petit-Picpus and was nearly blind." }, { "name": "Mother Sainte-Honorine", "aliases": [], "description": "A respected vocal mother at the Petit-Picpus convent." }, { "name": "Mother Sainte-Gertrude", "aliases": [ "the treasurer", "the chief mistress of the novices" ], "description": "The convent treasurer and chief mistress of the novices." }, { "name": "Mother-Saint-Ange", "aliases": [ "the assistant mistress" ], "description": "The assistant mistress of the novices at the Petit-Picpus convent." }, { "name": "Mother Annonciation", "aliases": [ "the sacristan" ], "description": "The sacristan of the Petit-Picpus convent." }, { "name": "Mother Saint-Augustin", "aliases": [ "the nurse" ], "description": "The convent nurse, described as the only malicious nun there." }, { "name": "Mother Sainte-Mechtilde", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle Gauvain" ], "description": "A young nun with a beautiful voice who oversees singing and the choir and trains groups of pupils to sing." }, { "name": "Mother des Anges", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle Drouet" ], "description": "A nun who had previously lived at the convent of the Filles-Dieu and the convent du Trésor." }, { "name": "Mother Saint-Joseph", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle de Cogolludo" ], "description": "A nun at the Petit-Picpus convent." }, { "name": "Mother Sainte-Adélaide", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle d’Auverney" ], "description": "A nun at the Petit-Picpus convent." }, { "name": "Mother Miséricorde", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle de Cifuentes" ], "description": "A nun at the Petit-Picpus who could not resist austerities." }, { "name": "Mother Compassion", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle de la Miltière" ], "description": "A wealthy nun admitted at age sixty, contrary to the convent’s rule." }, { "name": "Mother Providence", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle de Laudinière" ], "description": "A nun at the Petit-Picpus convent." }, { "name": "Mother Présentation", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle de Siguenza" ], "description": "A nun who became prioress of the Petit-Picpus in 1847." }, { "name": "Mother Sainte-Céligne", "aliases": [ "the sister of the sculptor Ceracchi" ], "description": "A nun who went mad; she was the sister of the sculptor Ceracchi." }, { "name": "Mother Sainte-Chantal", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle de Suzon" ], "description": "A nun who went mad." }, { "name": "Mother Assumption", "aliases": [ "Mademoiselle Roze" ], "description": "A charming nun from the Isle de Bourbon, descended from the Chevalier Roze." }, { "name": "The Chevalier Roze", "aliases": [], "description": "An ancestor of Mother Assumption, who was born Mademoiselle Roze and came from the Isle de Bourbon." }, { "name": "Sister Euphrasie", "aliases": [], "description": "A lay-sister especially loved by the boarding-school pupils." }, { "name": "Sister Sainte-Marguérite", "aliases": [], "description": "A lay-sister especially loved by the boarding-school pupils." }, { "name": "Sister Sainte-Marthe", "aliases": [], "description": "A lay-sister especially loved by the boarding-school pupils; she was in her dotage." }, { "name": "Sister Sainte-Michel", "aliases": [], "description": "A lay-sister especially loved by the boarding-school pupils, who amused them with her long nose." }, { "name": "The Abbé Banés", "aliases": [ "the chaplain" ], "description": "An elderly, unattractive chaplain whom the pupils were allowed to see through a grating in the choir." }, { "name": "M. Ansiaux", "aliases": [ "M. Anciot", "the drawing-master" ], "description": "The convent’s drawing-master, described in a former pupil’s letter as a frightful old hunchback." }, { "name": "The gardener of the Petit-Picpus convent", "aliases": [ "the gardener" ], "description": "The only man besides the archbishop permitted to enter the convent. His bell alerts the household to events and summons its residents." }, { "name": "The archbishop who entered at the opening of seclusion", "aliases": [ "the archbishop" ], "description": "An unnamed archbishop whose presence alone permits the convent’s heavily bolted door of seclusion to be opened." }, { "name": "The sister making reparation", "aliases": [ "the sister at the post" ], "description": "An unnamed nun who performs a prolonged prayer of reparation before the Holy Sacrament, kneeling with a rope around her neck." }, { "name": "Charles-François-Bienvenu Myriel", "aliases": [ "M. Myriel", "Monseigneur Bienvenu", "Monseigneur Welcome", "M. Welcome", "the Bishop of D——", "the Bishop" ], "description": "The compassionate Bishop of D——, who lives simply and gives generously." }, { "name": "M. Myriel’s father", "aliases": [], "description": "A councillor of the Parliament of Aix who planned for his son to inherit his post and arranged his marriage." }, { "name": "M. Myriel’s wife", "aliases": [], "description": "M. Myriel’s wife, who died of a chest illness while he was in Italy; they had no children." }, { "name": "Mademoiselle Baptistine", "aliases": [ "Baptistine" ], "description": "M. Myriel’s devoted sister, who lives with him." }, { "name": "Madame Magloire", "aliases": [], "description": "M. Myriel’s longtime servant and housekeeper, practical and concerned for his safety." }, { "name": "M. le Cardinal Fesch", "aliases": [ "Cardinal Fesch" ], "description": "A powerful churchman and Napoleon’s uncle, whom M. Myriel visited while seeking help for parishioners." }, { "name": "The mayor of D——", "aliases": [ "the mayor" ], "description": "The town’s mayor, who received M. Myriel when he arrived as bishop." }, { "name": "The president of D——", "aliases": [ "the president" ], "description": "A local official who visited M. Myriel on his arrival." }, { "name": "The general of D——", "aliases": [ "the general" ], "description": "A local general whom M. Myriel visited after arriving in town." }, { "name": "The prefect of D——", "aliases": [ "the prefect" ], "description": "The local prefect whom M. Myriel visited after arriving in town." }, { "name": "M. Henri Puget", "aliases": [], "description": "A doctor of theology and former Bishop of D—— who built the episcopal palace." }, { "name": "Charles Brûlart de Genlis", "aliases": [], "description": "An archbishop whose portrait hangs in the palace dining room; M. Henri Puget entertained him in 1714." }, { "name": "Prince d’Embrun", "aliases": [], "description": "A prince entertained by M. Henri Puget in 1714." }, { "name": "Antoine de Mesgrigny", "aliases": [ "the capuchin, Bishop of Grasse" ], "description": "A Capuchin and Bishop of Grasse, entertained by M. Henri Puget in 1714." }, { "name": "Philippe de Vendôme", "aliases": [ "Grand Prior of France", "Abbé of Saint Honoré de Lérins" ], "description": "A church and military dignitary entertained by M. Henri Puget in 1714." }, { "name": "François de Berton de Crillon", "aliases": [ "Baron de Vence" ], "description": "A bishop and Baron of Vence, entertained by M. Henri Puget in 1714." }, { "name": "César de Sabran de Forcalquier", "aliases": [ "Seignor of Glandève" ], "description": "A bishop and Seignor of Glandève, entertained by M. Henri Puget in 1714." }, { "name": "Jean Soanen", "aliases": [ "Priest of the Oratory", "Bishop of Senez" ], "description": "A priest, preacher to the king, and Bishop of Senez, entertained by M. Henri Puget in 1714." }, { "name": "The director of the hospital", "aliases": [ "Monsieur the director of the hospital" ], "description": "The hospital director who explains the overcrowding to M. Myriel; the Bishop exchanges homes with the hospital." }, { "name": "The senator of the Empire", "aliases": [ "a former member of the Council of the Five Hundred", "Count***", "the senator" ], "description": "An unnamed former attorney and senator living near D——, worldly and materialist, who debates religion and politics with the Bishop." }, { "name": "M. Bigot de Préameneu", "aliases": [ "the minister of public worship" ], "description": "The minister who received the senator’s complaint about the Bishop’s travel allowance." }, { "name": "Madame la Comtesse de Lô", "aliases": [ "Madame de Lô" ], "description": "A distant relative of M. Myriel who boasts about inheritances expected by her three sons." }, { "name": "Madame de Lô’s eldest son", "aliases": [], "description": "The countess’s eldest son, expected to inherit his grandfather’s peerage." }, { "name": "Madame de Lô’s second son", "aliases": [], "description": "The countess’s second son, expected to inherit his uncle’s ducal title." }, { "name": "Madame de Lô’s youngest son", "aliases": [], "description": "The countess’s youngest son, expected to inherit an income from a grandaunt." }, { "name": "The grandaunt of Madame de Lô’s youngest son", "aliases": [], "description": "An elderly relative from whom the countess’s youngest son is expected to inherit income." }, { "name": "The uncle of Madame de Lô’s second son", "aliases": [], "description": "The countess’s second son’s uncle, whose ducal title he is expected to inherit." }, { "name": "The grandfather of Madame de Lô’s eldest son", "aliases": [], "description": "The countess’s eldest son’s grandfather, whose peerage he is expected to inherit." }, { "name": "M. Géborand", "aliases": [], "description": "A wealthy retired cloth merchant and usurer who gives a sou each Sunday to poor women at the cathedral." }, { "name": "The poor women at the cathedral", "aliases": [ "the poor old beggar-women" ], "description": "Six unnamed beggar-women who share a sou from M. Géborand each Sunday." }, { "name": "Marquis de Champtercier", "aliases": [ "M. le Marquis" ], "description": "A wealthy, avaricious old man who calls himself an ultra-royalist and ultra-Voltairian." }, { "name": "The young vicar", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed vicar who preaches during Lent, urging the rich to give alms." }, { "name": "The counterfeit-coin maker", "aliases": [ "the wretched man" ], "description": "An unnamed man who makes counterfeit money to support a woman and their child." }, { "name": "The counterfeit-coin maker’s partner", "aliases": [ "the woman", "his accomplice" ], "description": "An unnamed woman caught passing a counterfeit coin; a prosecutor tricks her into accusing her partner." }, { "name": "The child of the counterfeit-coin maker and his partner", "aliases": [], "description": "The unnamed child for whom the counterfeit-coin maker makes false money." }, { "name": "The attorney for the crown", "aliases": [ "the advocate of the crown" ], "description": "An unnamed prosecutor who deceives the counterfeit-coin maker’s partner with fabricated evidence." }, { "name": "The condemned mountebank", "aliases": [ "the criminal", "the condemned man" ], "description": "An unnamed former fairground performer and writer sentenced to death for murder; M. Myriel visits him." }, { "name": "The curé of D——", "aliases": [ "Monsieur le Curé" ], "description": "An unnamed parish priest who refuses to attend the condemned mountebank." }, { "name": "The prison chaplain", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed chaplain who falls ill on the eve of the mountebank’s execution." }, { "name": "The executioner", "aliases": [], "description": "The unnamed official who carries out the mountebank’s execution." }, { "name": "The mother who has lost her child", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed bereaved mother whom M. Myriel visits and consoles." }, { "name": "The man who has lost his wife", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed bereaved man whom M. Myriel visits and consoles." }, { "name": "The Abbé of Chaliot", "aliases": [ "Bishop of Saint Claude" ], "description": "A former bishop whose portrait remains in M. Myriel’s bedroom; the king appointed him in 1785." }, { "name": "The Abbé Tourteau", "aliases": [ "vicar-general of Agde", "Abbé of Grand-Champ" ], "description": "A former church official whose portrait remains in M. Myriel’s bedroom." }, { "name": "The curé of Couloubroux", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed parish priest who asks whether M. Myriel risks leaving his door open." }, { "name": "The curé of Pompierry", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed parish priest who asks whether M. Myriel risks leaving his door open." }, { "name": "Gaspard Bès", "aliases": [], "description": "A bandit whose gang once infested the gorges of Ollioules." }, { "name": "Cravatte", "aliases": [], "description": "A bandit and former lieutenant of Gaspard Bès who leads the gang’s remnants and sends stolen vestments to the Bishop." }, { "name": "The mayor of Chastelar", "aliases": [ "the mayor" ], "description": "An unnamed mayor who warns M. Myriel that Cravatte’s bandits control the mountains." }, { "name": "The child guide", "aliases": [ "the child" ], "description": "An unnamed child who guides M. Myriel through the mountains." }, { "name": "The shepherds of the mountain community", "aliases": [ "M. Myriel’s good friends" ], "description": "A community of shepherds whom M. Myriel visits on his pastoral rounds." }, { "name": "Madame the Vicomtess de Boischevron", "aliases": [ "the Vicomtess de Boischevron" ], "description": "Baptistine’s childhood friend, to whom she writes about the Bishop and their household." }, { "name": "Sylvanie", "aliases": [], "description": "A young woman known to the Vicomtess de Boischevron and loved by Baptistine." }, { "name": "The Vicomtess de Boischevron’s grand nephew", "aliases": [ "your grand nephew" ], "description": "A charming child, nearly five years old, whom Baptistine mentions in her letter." }, { "name": "The Vicomtess de Boischevron’s grand nephew’s little brother", "aliases": [ "his little brother" ], "description": "A young child who plays with a broom as if it were a carriage." }, { "name": "Raoul de Faux", "aliases": [], "description": "A gentleman of the ancient Norman Faux family, mentioned as having lived five hundred years earlier." }, { "name": "Jean de Faux", "aliases": [], "description": "A gentleman of the ancient Norman Faux family, mentioned as having lived five hundred years earlier." }, { "name": "Thomas de Faux", "aliases": [], "description": "A gentleman of the ancient Norman Faux family, mentioned as having lived five hundred years earlier." }, { "name": "Guy-Étienne-Alexandre de Faux", "aliases": [ "Guy-Étienne-Alexandre" ], "description": "The last of the Faux family named in Baptistine’s account; he commanded a regiment and served with the light horse of Bretagne." }, { "name": "Marie-Louise de Faux", "aliases": [ "Marie-Louise" ], "description": "Daughter of Guy-Étienne-Alexandre de Faux; she married Adrien-Charles de Gramont." }, { "name": "Adrien-Charles de Gramont", "aliases": [], "description": "Son of Duke Louis de Gramont and husband of Marie-Louise de Faux." }, { "name": "Duke Louis de Gramont", "aliases": [ "Louis de Gramont" ], "description": "A peer of France and colonel of the French guards; father of Adrien-Charles de Gramont." }, { "name": "The former member of the Convention", "aliases": [ "G——", "the conventionary", "the old member of the Convention" ], "description": "An unnamed eighty-six-year-old former Convention representative who lives near D——, explains his convictions to the Bishop, and dies during their conversation." }, { "name": "The young shepherd lad", "aliases": [ "the shepherd lad", "the child who helps the former member of the Convention" ], "description": "An unnamed boy who serves the former Convention member and brings him milk." }, { "name": "The dowager", "aliases": [ "the impertinent dowager" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who mocks M. Myriel by asking when he will receive the red cap." }, { "name": "M. Myriel’s general brother", "aliases": [ "the general" ], "description": "M. Myriel’s brother, a general who pursued Napoleon in Provence after the Emperor landed at Cannes." }, { "name": "M. Myriel’s former-prefect brother", "aliases": [ "the ex-prefect" ], "description": "M. Myriel’s affectionate brother, a former prefect living in retirement in Paris." }, { "name": "The porter of the town-hall", "aliases": [ "the old non-commissioned officer" ], "description": "An unnamed former soldier of Napoleon’s Old Guard who becomes cathedral beadle after losing his post." }, { "name": "The porter’s children", "aliases": [], "description": "The unnamed children of the former soldier and his wife." }, { "name": "The gendarme", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed gendarme seated outside the town hall who watches the newly arrived traveller." }, { "name": "The child guide’s horsemen", "aliases": [ "the two unknown horsemen" ], "description": "Two unnamed riders who briefly bring stolen cathedral vestments to the presbytery." }, { "name": "The senator’s sons", "aliases": [], "description": "The unnamed sons to whom the senator renders small services." }, { "name": "The senator’s sons-in-law", "aliases": [], "description": "The unnamed sons-in-law to whom the senator renders small services." }, { "name": "The senator’s relations", "aliases": [], "description": "The senator’s unnamed relatives, whom he helps when he can." }, { "name": "The senator’s friends", "aliases": [], "description": "The senator’s unnamed friends, whom he helps when he can." }, { "name": "Marquis d’Argens", "aliases": [], "description": "A philosopher whose works the senator says he owns." }, { "name": "Pyrrhon", "aliases": [], "description": "A philosopher whose works the senator says he owns." }, { "name": "Thomas Hobbes", "aliases": [ "Hobbes" ], "description": "A philosopher whose works the senator says he owns." }, { "name": "M. Naigeon", "aliases": [ "Naigeon" ], "description": "A philosopher whom the senator admires." }, { "name": "John Needham", "aliases": [ "Needham" ], "description": "A naturalist whose claims about eels the senator invokes in an argument against God." }, { "name": "Tertullian", "aliases": [], "description": "An early Christian writer whose words about the blessed travelling from star to star are cited by the senator." }, { "name": "Cato", "aliases": [], "description": "A Roman figure whom the Bishop says materialists would not allow themselves to be exiled like." }, { "name": "Stephen", "aliases": [ "Saint Stephen" ], "description": "A Christian martyr whom the Bishop cites as an example of someone willing to suffer for belief." }, { "name": "Jeanne d’Arc", "aliases": [ "Joan of Arc" ], "description": "A martyr whom the Bishop cites as an example of someone willing to die for belief." }, { "name": "Sardanapalus", "aliases": [], "description": "An ancient king whom the senator uses as an example of a past identity made irrelevant by death." }, { "name": "Vincent de Paul", "aliases": [ "Saint Vincent de Paul" ], "description": "A saint whom the senator contrasts with Sardanapalus." }, { "name": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet", "aliases": [ "Bossuet" ], "description": "A churchman whom the former Convention member cites regarding the Te Deum during the dragonnades." }, { "name": "Louis XVII", "aliases": [ "the royal child", "the Dauphin" ], "description": "The young royal imprisoned in the Temple, invoked as an innocent child who suffered." }, { "name": "Barabbas", "aliases": [], "description": "A biblical figure invoked by the former Convention member in an image comparing innocent children." }, { "name": "Herod", "aliases": [], "description": "A biblical king invoked by the former Convention member in an image comparing innocent children." }, { "name": "Carrier", "aliases": [ "Jean-Baptiste Carrier" ], "description": "A revolutionary official whom the former Convention member calls a bandit." }, { "name": "Montrevel", "aliases": [], "description": "A royalist official contrasted with Carrier by the former Convention member." }, { "name": "Fouquier-Tainville", "aliases": [ "Antoine Quentin Fouquier de Tinville" ], "description": "A revolutionary prosecutor whom the former Convention member calls a rascal." }, { "name": "Lamoignon-Bâville", "aliases": [], "description": "A royal official contrasted with Fouquier-Tainville." }, { "name": "Maillard", "aliases": [], "description": "A revolutionary figure whom the former Convention member calls terrible." }, { "name": "Saulx-Tavannes", "aliases": [], "description": "A royalist figure contrasted with Maillard." }, { "name": "Duchêne senior", "aliases": [ "Duchêne père" ], "description": "A revolutionary figure whom the former Convention member calls ferocious." }, { "name": "The elder Letellier", "aliases": [], "description": "A royalist figure contrasted with Duchêne senior." }, { "name": "Jourdan-Coupe-Tête", "aliases": [ "Jourdan Coupe-Tête" ], "description": "A revolutionary figure whom the former Convention member calls a monster." }, { "name": "Marquis de Louvois", "aliases": [ "M. the Marquis de Louvois" ], "description": "A royal minister whom the former Convention member says was an even greater monster than Jourdan-Coupe-Tête." }, { "name": "Marie Antoinette", "aliases": [ "Marie Antoinette, archduchess and queen" ], "description": "The queen whose suffering the former Convention member says he pities." }, { "name": "Gregory XVI", "aliases": [ "Pope Gregory XVI" ], "description": "A pope whom the narrator mentions as an example of an upright elderly man." }, { "name": "Moses", "aliases": [], "description": "A biblical leader invoked as an example of a great figure." }, { "name": "Michael Angelo", "aliases": [ "Michelangelo" ], "description": "An artist named among figures whose greatness crowds misattribute to successful people." }, { "name": "Mousqueton", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure used by the narrator as a disparaging comparison for what crowds call beauty." }, { "name": "Claude", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure used by the narrator as a disparaging comparison for what crowds call majesty." }, { "name": "Emanuel Swedenborg", "aliases": [ "Swedenborg" ], "description": "A thinker whom the narrator says risked his mind in spiritual speculation." }, { "name": "Saint Theresa", "aliases": [ "Saint Teresa" ], "description": "A saint invoked as an example of someone whose intense prayer might be mistaken for heresy." }, { "name": "Saint Jerome", "aliases": [ "Jerome" ], "description": "A saint invoked as an example of someone whose intense prayer might be mistaken for heresy." }, { "name": "Lucretius", "aliases": [], "description": "A thinker named among those who contemplate profound questions of existence." }, { "name": "Manou", "aliases": [ "Manu" ], "description": "A thinker named among those who contemplate profound questions of existence." }, { "name": "Saint Paul", "aliases": [ "Paul the Apostle" ], "description": "An apostle named among those who contemplate profound questions of existence." }, { "name": "The Huguenot woman", "aliases": [ "the mother and nurse" ], "description": "An unnamed Protestant mother described as tortured in 1685 and forced to choose between her infant’s life and her conscience." }, { "name": "The Huguenot woman’s infant", "aliases": [ "the little one" ], "description": "The unnamed nursing child kept from its mother during her torture in 1685." }, { "name": "The former Convention member’s adversaries", "aliases": [ "his adversaries" ], "description": "Unnamed opponents whom the former Convention member says he sometimes protected, including clergy." }, { "name": "The bishop at the house with fine clocks", "aliases": [ "one of his most notable colleagues" ], "description": "An unnamed bishop whose richly furnished home prompted M. Myriel to remark on the poor." }, { "name": "The neighbouring bishop’s young priests", "aliases": [ "callow priests", "little abbés" ], "description": "Young priests who gather around influential bishops hoping for advancement." }, { "name": "The bishop’s canons and grand-vicars", "aliases": [], "description": "Unnamed elderly church officials serving M. Myriel in his remote diocese." }, { "name": "The young men ordained by M. Myriel", "aliases": [], "description": "Unnamed priests who seek recommendations to influential archbishops rather than remain with the Bishop." }, { "name": "The gendarme who watched the traveller", "aliases": [ "the gendarme" ], "description": "An unnamed gendarme outside the town hall who watches the newly arrived traveller." }, { "name": "Jacquin Labarre", "aliases": [ "the host of the Cross of Colbas", "the landlord" ], "description": "The landlord and chief cook of the Cross of Colbas inn in D——, who learns Jean Valjean is a convict and turns him away." }, { "name": "The Labarre of the Three Dauphins", "aliases": [ "the innkeeper of the Three Dauphins" ], "description": "An innkeeper in Grenoble and relative of Jacquin Labarre, associated with Napoleon’s return from Elba." }, { "name": "General Bertrand", "aliases": [], "description": "A general said in a rumor to have visited the Three Dauphins disguised as a carter; the account says the rumor was false." }, { "name": "The child scullion", "aliases": [ "the child lackey" ], "description": "An unnamed child serving Jacquin Labarre who carries a note about Jean Valjean to the town hall." }, { "name": "The wagoners", "aliases": [ "the carters" ], "description": "Twelve unnamed wagoners whose reservation is used as a reason to deny Jean Valjean supper." }, { "name": "The landlord of the Rue de Chaffaut public house", "aliases": [ "the tavern-keeper", "the master" ], "description": "An unnamed keeper who throws Jean Valjean out after a fishmonger identifies him as a convict." }, { "name": "The fishmonger", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed man who recognizes Jean Valjean and alerts a public-house keeper." }, { "name": "The man of the house with two children", "aliases": [ "the peasant", "the master of the house" ], "description": "An unnamed peasant and artisan who threatens Jean Valjean with a gun and shuts him out." }, { "name": "The young woman in the house", "aliases": [ "the mother" ], "description": "The unnamed young wife of the peasant who hides with her children when Jean Valjean seeks shelter." }, { "name": "The two children in the house", "aliases": [ "the little child", "the other child" ], "description": "The unnamed young children of the peasant and his wife." }, { "name": "The dog in the kennel", "aliases": [ "the enormous dog" ], "description": "A large dog that growls at Jean Valjean and drives him from its kennel." }, { "name": "Madame de R——", "aliases": [ "the Marquise de R——", "the good woman" ], "description": "An elderly marquise who finds Jean Valjean sleeping outdoors, gives him money, and directs him to the Bishop." }, { "name": "The locksmith", "aliases": [ "Paulin Musebois" ], "description": "A locksmith whom Madame Magloire proposes to call to replace the house’s old locks." }, { "name": "Mother Gerbaud", "aliases": [ "old Gerbaud" ], "description": "An impoverished woman who visits the Bishop with her little child; he gives her fifteen sous." }, { "name": "Mother Gerbaud’s little one", "aliases": [ "her little one", "the child" ], "description": "The unnamed child whom Mother Gerbaud carries when she visits the Bishop." }, { "name": "Jean Valjean’s mother", "aliases": [ "Jeanne Mathieu", "mother Jeanne" ], "description": "Jean Valjean’s mother, who died of milk fever when he was young; distinct from his elder sister, also called mother Jeanne." }, { "name": "Jean Valjean’s father", "aliases": [ "Jean Valjean", "Vlajean" ], "description": "Jean Valjean’s father, a tree-pruner who died after falling from a tree; his name is given as Jean Valjean or Vlajean." }, { "name": "Jean Valjean’s elder sister", "aliases": [ "the widow", "mother Jeanne" ], "description": "Jean Valjean’s older sister, widowed with seven children, who raised him and relied on his support." }, { "name": "Jean Valjean’s sister’s seven children", "aliases": [ "the seven children" ], "description": "The unnamed children of Jean Valjean’s elder sister, whom he supported after her husband died." }, { "name": "Marie-Claude", "aliases": [], "description": "A farmer’s wife near the Valjean family home who lends milk to Jean Valjean’s hungry nieces and nephews." }, { "name": "Maubert Isabeau", "aliases": [ "Isabeau" ], "description": "The baker in Faverolles whose shop Jean Valjean breaks into to steal bread." }, { "name": "The old turnkey of Bicêtre", "aliases": [ "the old turnkey" ], "description": "An unnamed prison official who remembers Jean Valjean chained with the galley-slave gang in 1796." }, { "name": "The galley chaplain", "aliases": [ "the chaplain in the galleys" ], "description": "An unnamed chaplain who says mass for the convicts, including Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "The Bishop of Majore", "aliases": [ "the Bishop of Marseilles", "Monseigneur" ], "description": "A bishop whom Jean Valjean remembers celebrating mass among the galley-slaves at Toulon." }, { "name": "The Ignorantin friars", "aliases": [ "the friars" ], "description": "Unnamed religious brothers who run a school at Toulon where Jean Valjean learns to read, write, and calculate." }, { "name": "The galley guards", "aliases": [ "the patrol" ], "description": "Unnamed guards who recapture Jean Valjean during escape attempts." }, { "name": "The galley-sergeant", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed sergeant who oversees the convicts and strikes Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "Claude Gaux", "aliases": [], "description": "A man cited by the narrator as another person whose disastrous fate began with stealing bread." }, { "name": "Brevet", "aliases": [], "description": "A convict Jean Valjean knew in the galleys; the pattern of Brevet’s knitted suspender recurs in Valjean’s thoughts." }, { "name": "Little Gervais", "aliases": [ "the little Savoyard", "the child" ], "description": "A traveling Savoyard boy with a hurdy-gurdy and marmot-box; Jean Valjean takes his coin and later searches for him in remorse." }, { "name": "The priest on horseback", "aliases": [ "Monsieur le Curé", "Monsieur l’Abbé" ], "description": "An unnamed priest whom Jean Valjean encounters while searching for Little Gervais; he rides away when asked to arrest Valjean." }, { "name": "M. Bruguière de Sorsum", "aliases": [], "description": "A man celebrated in the narrator’s account of 1817." }, { "name": "Count Lynch", "aliases": [ "M. Lynch" ], "description": "The mayor of Bordeaux who surrendered the city to the Duke d’Angoulême in 1814 and was made a peer of France." }, { "name": "Pelligrini", "aliases": [], "description": "A singer popular in 1817." }, { "name": "Mademoiselle Bigottini", "aliases": [], "description": "A dancer popular in 1817." }, { "name": "Potier", "aliases": [], "description": "A performer popular in 1817." }, { "name": "Odry", "aliases": [], "description": "A performer who had not yet become popular in 1817." }, { "name": "Madame Saqui", "aliases": [], "description": "A performer who had succeeded Forioso by 1817." }, { "name": "Forioso", "aliases": [], "description": "A performer whom Madame Saqui had succeeded by 1817." }, { "name": "Pleignier", "aliases": [], "description": "A man executed during the royalist restoration described in the account of 1817." }, { "name": "Carbonneau", "aliases": [], "description": "A man executed during the royalist restoration described in the account of 1817." }, { "name": "Tolleron", "aliases": [], "description": "A man executed during the royalist restoration described in the account of 1817." }, { "name": "Prince de Talleyrand", "aliases": [ "Talleyrand" ], "description": "The grand chamberlain, who celebrated the mass of federation in 1790 as a bishop." }, { "name": "The Abbé Louis", "aliases": [ "Louis" ], "description": "Minister of finance in 1817, who served as deacon at the mass of federation in 1790." }, { "name": "Mathurin Bruneau", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whose fate was one of Louis XVIII’s anxieties in 1817." }, { "name": "M. Bellart", "aliases": [ "Bellart" ], "description": "A public speaker described as officially eloquent in 1817." }, { "name": "Broë", "aliases": [], "description": "A future advocate-general mentioned in the narrator’s account of 1817." }, { "name": "Marchangy", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer described as a false Chateaubriand until d’Arlincourt appeared." }, { "name": "d’Arlincourt", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer described as a false Marchangy." }, { "name": "Madame Cottin", "aliases": [ "Cottin" ], "description": "A writer acclaimed as the chief writer of the period." }, { "name": "Duc d’Angoulême", "aliases": [ "the Duke d’Angoulême" ], "description": "A royal prince who received Bordeaux’s surrender in 1814 and was lord high admiral." }, { "name": "M. Paër", "aliases": [ "Paër" ], "description": "The composer of Agnese, who directed private concerts for the Marquise de Sasenaye." }, { "name": "Edmond Géraud", "aliases": [ "Géraud" ], "description": "A poet who wrote the words to The Hermit of Saint-Avelle." }, { "name": "Duc de Berri", "aliases": [ "the Duc de Berry" ], "description": "A royal prince who married a princess of Sicily in 1817 and was later assassinated by Louvel." }, { "name": "Louvel", "aliases": [], "description": "The man who, in 1817, was watching the Duc de Berri from the shadows." }, { "name": "Madame de Staël", "aliases": [ "Madame de Stael" ], "description": "A writer who had died the year before 1817." }, { "name": "Mademoiselle Mars", "aliases": [ "Mlle. Mars" ], "description": "An actress hissed by the bodyguard in 1817." }, { "name": "David", "aliases": [], "description": "An artist in exile, mocked by royalist newspapers in 1817." }, { "name": "Arnault", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whose wit was disparaged by royalist newspapers in 1817." }, { "name": "Carnot", "aliases": [], "description": "A man whose honesty was disparaged by royalist newspapers in 1817." }, { "name": "M. Piet", "aliases": [ "Piet" ], "description": "A man preparing a plan for a private assembly to consolidate the monarchy." }, { "name": "Bacot", "aliases": [], "description": "A person whom leaders of the Right said they should write to at grave moments." }, { "name": "Canuel", "aliases": [ "M. Canuel" ], "description": "A royalist involved in preparing the outline of the later Conspiracy of the Bord de l’Eau." }, { "name": "O’Mahoney", "aliases": [ "M. O’Mahoney" ], "description": "A royalist involved in preparing the outline of the later Conspiracy of the Bord de l’Eau." }, { "name": "De Chappedelaine", "aliases": [ "M. De Chappedelaine" ], "description": "A royalist involved in preparing the outline of the later Conspiracy of the Bord de l’Eau." }, { "name": "Delaverderie", "aliases": [], "description": "A person conspiring with Trogoff in 1817." }, { "name": "Trogoff", "aliases": [], "description": "A person conspiring with Delaverderie in 1817." }, { "name": "M. Decazes", "aliases": [ "Decazes" ], "description": "A liberal who held power in 1817." }, { "name": "M. Pilorge", "aliases": [ "Pilorge" ], "description": "Chateaubriand’s secretary, who took dictation for The Monarchy according to the Charter." }, { "name": "M. de Féletez", "aliases": [ "A." ], "description": "A man who signed his name “A.” in 1817." }, { "name": "M. Hoffmann", "aliases": [ "Z." ], "description": "A man who signed his name “Z.” in 1817." }, { "name": "Charles Nodier", "aliases": [ "Nodier" ], "description": "A writer who wrote Thérèse Aubert." }, { "name": "M. de Trinquelague", "aliases": [ "de Trinquelague" ], "description": "A man whose actions on a future occasion were a subject of speculation." }, { "name": "M. Clausel de Montals", "aliases": [ "Clausel de Montals" ], "description": "A man who differed on several points from M. Clausel de Coussergues." }, { "name": "M. Clausel de Coussergues", "aliases": [ "Clausel de Coussergues" ], "description": "A man with whom M. Clausel de Montals differed on several points." }, { "name": "M. de Salaberry", "aliases": [ "de Salaberry" ], "description": "A man who was dissatisfied in 1817." }, { "name": "Picard", "aliases": [ "the comedian Picard" ], "description": "A comedian and Academy member whose play The Two Philiberts was staged at the Odéon." }, { "name": "Cugnet de Montarlot", "aliases": [], "description": "A public figure whose side people took for or against in 1817." }, { "name": "Fabvier", "aliases": [], "description": "A man described as factious in 1817." }, { "name": "Bavoux", "aliases": [], "description": "A man described as revolutionary in 1817." }, { "name": "Pélicier", "aliases": [ "the Liberal" ], "description": "A liberal publisher who issued an edition of Voltaire’s works." }, { "name": "Charles Loyson", "aliases": [ "M. Charles Loyson" ], "description": "A man whom many in 1817 considered a likely genius of the century." }, { "name": "M. de Pins", "aliases": [ "the Archbishop of Amasie" ], "description": "An archbishop who administered the diocese of Lyons while Cardinal Fesch refused to resign." }, { "name": "General Dufour", "aliases": [ "Captain Dufour" ], "description": "A Swiss officer whose memoir began a quarrel between Switzerland and France over the valley of Dappes." }, { "name": "Fourier", "aliases": [ "the obscure Fourier" ], "description": "An obscure man living in a garret whom the narrator says the future will remember." }, { "name": "Lord Byron", "aliases": [ "Lord Baron" ], "description": "A poet beginning to make his mark, introduced to France in a note as “a certain Lord Baron.”" }, { "name": "Millevoye", "aliases": [], "description": "A poet whose note introduced Lord Byron to French readers." }, { "name": "David d’Angers", "aliases": [], "description": "A sculptor attempting to work in marble in 1817." }, { "name": "The Abbé Caron", "aliases": [ "Abbé Caron" ], "description": "A priest who praised an unknown priest named Félicité-Robert to seminarians." }, { "name": "Félicité-Robert", "aliases": [ "Lamennais" ], "description": "An unknown priest praised by the Abbé Caron in 1817; he later became Lamennais." }, { "name": "M. Delaveau", "aliases": [ "Delaveau" ], "description": "A pious man whom the Faubourg Saint-Germain and pavilion de Marsan wanted as prefect of police." }, { "name": "Dupuytren", "aliases": [], "description": "A doctor who quarrelled with Récamier over the divinity of Jesus Christ." }, { "name": "Récamier", "aliases": [], "description": "A doctor who quarrelled with Dupuytren over the divinity of Jesus Christ." }, { "name": "Cuvier", "aliases": [], "description": "A naturalist who tried to reconcile fossils with scripture." }, { "name": "Parmentier", "aliases": [], "description": "A person whose memory François de Neufchâteau worked to honor." }, { "name": "The Abbé Grégoire", "aliases": [ "Grégoire" ], "description": "A former bishop, Convention representative, and senator derided in royalist polemics." }, { "name": "M. Royer Collard", "aliases": [ "Royer Collard" ], "description": "A critic who condemned the phrase “passed to the state of” as a neologism." }, { "name": "Blücher", "aliases": [], "description": "A Prussian field marshal whose arrival at Waterloo turned the battle against Napoleon." }, { "name": "The man who regretted Bonaparte and Talma", "aliases": [ "the man who said “Sapristi!”" ], "description": "An unnamed man imprisoned for saying he regretted seeing Bonaparte and Talma enter the Bel Sauvage together." }, { "name": "M. the Chevalier de Labouisse", "aliases": [ "the Chevalier de Labouisse" ], "description": "A poet who saw four young women at Saint-Cloud and remarked that there was one too many for the Graces." }, { "name": "Listolier", "aliases": [], "description": "A student from Cahors and Dahlia’s lover." }, { "name": "Fameuil", "aliases": [], "description": "A student from Limoges and Zéphine’s lover." }, { "name": "Blachevelle", "aliases": [], "description": "A student from Montauban and Favourite’s lover." }, { "name": "Favourite", "aliases": [], "description": "A young woman who has been to England and is Blachevelle’s lover; she organizes the women’s outing." }, { "name": "Dahlia", "aliases": [], "description": "A young woman and Listolier’s lover, nicknamed after a flower." }, { "name": "Zéphine", "aliases": [ "Joséphine" ], "description": "A young woman and Fameuil’s lover, whose nickname shortens Joséphine." }, { "name": "Favourite’s father", "aliases": [], "description": "An old, unmarried professor of mathematics who is brutal and boastful; Favourite is his daughter." }, { "name": "Favourite’s mother", "aliases": [ "the old woman" ], "description": "An old, pious woman who tells Favourite she is her mother and moves into her home." }, { "name": "The chambermaid who became Favourite’s mother’s love", "aliases": [ "the chambermaid" ], "description": "An unnamed chambermaid whose gown caught on a fender, an incident that caused Favourite’s father to fall in love with her." }, { "name": "Adolph", "aliases": [ "Alphonse", "Gustave" ], "description": "An earlier lover mentioned as an example of how the young women’s lovers changed names." }, { "name": "The owner of the asses", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed person who rents asses to Tholomyès and his companions." }, { "name": "Bourguin", "aliases": [], "description": "The contractor who owned the park at Issy visited by the four couples." }, { "name": "The manikin anchorite", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure in a grotto at the park in Issy, visited by the four couples." }, { "name": "The Abbé de Bernis", "aliases": [], "description": "A clergyman celebrated in a reference to the chestnut trees and swing at Issy." }, { "name": "Greuze", "aliases": [], "description": "A painter whose taste is invoked in a description of the women’s skirts on the swing." }, { "name": "Bombarda", "aliases": [], "description": "A famous restaurant keeper whose Champs-Élysées establishment hosts the four couples’ dinner." }, { "name": "The waiter at Bombarda’s", "aliases": [ "the waiter" ], "description": "An unnamed waiter who serves the couples and delivers the young men’s letter." }, { "name": "Édon", "aliases": [ "Édon’s" ], "description": "A restaurant keeper whose establishment is compared with Bombarda’s." }, { "name": "Grimod de la Reynière", "aliases": [], "description": "A writer invoked by Tholomyès during his speech about moderation at dinner." }, { "name": "Munatius Demens", "aliases": [], "description": "A Roman quaestor whom Tholomyès mentions regarding his Latin thesis on torture." }, { "name": "Amphiaraüs", "aliases": [], "description": "A mythological figure whom Tholomyès cites as an example of prudence." }, { "name": "Origenes", "aliases": [ "Origen" ], "description": "A figure whom Tholomyès names as someone who abdicated." }, { "name": "Bacchus", "aliases": [ "Bacche" ], "description": "A god whom Tholomyès invokes in a toast to wine." }, { "name": "Peter the Great", "aliases": [ "Tzar Peter" ], "description": "A ruler whose boot Tholomyès jokes was greater than the ruler himself." }, { "name": "Euphorion", "aliases": [], "description": "A Greek painter whom Tholomyès says was known as the painter of lips." }, { "name": "Venus", "aliases": [], "description": "A goddess invoked by Tholomyès in comparing Favourite’s beauty to the recipient of the apple." }, { "name": "Romulus", "aliases": [], "description": "A legendary Roman founder cited by Tholomyès in a joke about men carrying off women." }, { "name": "William", "aliases": [], "description": "A conqueror cited by Tholomyès in a joke about carrying off Saxon women." }, { "name": "Aspasia", "aliases": [], "description": "A woman of ancient Greece whom Tholomyès describes as brilliant and unconventional." }, { "name": "Pericles", "aliases": [], "description": "An Athenian statesman named by Tholomyès as Aspasia’s companion." }, { "name": "Socrates", "aliases": [], "description": "A philosopher whom Tholomyès combines with Manon Lescaut in describing Aspasia." }, { "name": "Manon Lescaut", "aliases": [], "description": "A literary character whom Tholomyès invokes in describing Aspasia." }, { "name": "The carter", "aliases": [ "the driver" ], "description": "An unnamed carter who curses and whips the exhausted mare pulling his heavy cart." }, { "name": "The Beauceron mare", "aliases": [ "the horse", "the jade" ], "description": "An old, exhausted mare pulling a heavy cart who collapses and dies outside Bombarda’s." }, { "name": "Caillard", "aliases": [], "description": "A person named in the young men’s letter as carrying them away on his wings." }, { "name": "The neighbor who sees Fantine leave", "aliases": [ "the neighbor" ], "description": "An unnamed neighbor who sees Cosette’s mother crying as she leaves Montfermeil." }, { "name": "The people of Montfermeil", "aliases": [ "the villagers" ], "description": "Unnamed villagers who mistakenly believe the Thénardiers are raising Cosette out of charity." }, { "name": "Dumollard", "aliases": [], "description": "A man cited by the narrator as an orphan who worked for his living and stole from age five, according to trial documents." }, { "name": "The two children saved from the town-hall fire", "aliases": [], "description": "The unnamed children of the captain of the gendarmerie, whom the stranger saves from a fire." }, { "name": "The captain of the gendarmerie", "aliases": [], "description": "The father of the two children saved by the stranger from a fire." }, { "name": "The local deputy", "aliases": [ "the deputy" ], "description": "An unnamed former member of the Empire’s legislative body who sees Father Madeleine as a political rival." }, { "name": "Fouché", "aliases": [ "Duc d’Otrante", "the father of the Oratoire" ], "description": "A former Oratorian associated with the religious skepticism shared by the local deputy." }, { "name": "The prefect of M. sur M.", "aliases": [ "the prefect" ], "description": "The prefect who presses Father Madeleine to accept the mayoralty." }, { "name": "The old woman who urges Madeleine to be mayor", "aliases": [ "the old woman" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who urges Father Madeleine to accept the mayoralty." }, { "name": "Laffitte’s deposit clerk", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed person associated with Father Madeleine’s deposit at Laffitte’s." }, { "name": "The two instructors", "aliases": [ "the schoolmasters" ], "description": "The unnamed teachers whom Father Madeleine pays at the schools he establishes." }, { "name": "The elegant young women of M. sur M.", "aliases": [ "the young women" ], "description": "Unnamed young women who ask M. Madeleine to show them his supposedly mysterious room." }, { "name": "The young Savoyard chimney-sweeps", "aliases": [ "the little Savoyards" ], "description": "Unnamed boys roaming the country to sweep chimneys; M. Madeleine questions and gives them money." }, { "name": "M. Chabouillet", "aliases": [ "the secretary of the Minister of State" ], "description": "The secretary to the Minister of State, Comte Anglès, whose protection helped Javert obtain his post." }, { "name": "The peasants at the cart accident", "aliases": [ "the persons present", "the spectators" ], "description": "Unnamed bystanders who fail to lift the cart trapping Fauchelevent until Madeleine inspires them to help." }, { "name": "The horse under Fauchelevent’s cart", "aliases": [ "the horse" ], "description": "Fauchelevent’s horse, which falls, breaks both legs, and dies beneath the cart." }, { "name": "The farrier at Flachot’s place", "aliases": [ "the farrier" ], "description": "An unnamed farrier from whom peasants seek a jack-screw to lift Fauchelevent’s cart." }, { "name": "The sisters of charity at Madeleine’s infirmary", "aliases": [ "the sisters" ], "description": "Two unnamed sisters who serve the infirmary Father Madeleine established for his workers." }, { "name": "The workroom superintendent", "aliases": [ "the elderly spinster", "the superintendent" ], "description": "An elderly, upright woman appointed to lead Father Madeleine’s women’s workroom; she dismisses Fantine after learning she has a child." }, { "name": "The priest who provided the superintendent", "aliases": [ "the priest" ], "description": "An unnamed priest who recommends the elderly spinster to lead Father Madeleine’s women’s workroom." }, { "name": "The women in the workroom", "aliases": [ "the workwomen" ], "description": "Unnamed factory workers whose gossip reveals Fantine’s child." }, { "name": "The public letter-writer", "aliases": [ "the good old man" ], "description": "An unnamed man who writes Fantine’s letters to the Thénardiers and reveals their address after drinking." }, { "name": "Madame Victurnien", "aliases": [ "the monk’s widow", "the gorgon", "the guardian and door-keeper of every one’s virtue" ], "description": "A spiteful, self-righteous widow who investigates Fantine and reports Cosette’s existence to the superintendent, causing Fantine’s dismissal." }, { "name": "Madame Victurnien’s husband", "aliases": [ "the monk" ], "description": "A monk who fled his cloister, married Madame Victurnien in 1793, and ruled over her." }, { "name": "The superintendent’s priest", "aliases": [ "her priest" ], "description": "An unnamed priest who supplied the elderly spinster to lead Father Madeleine’s women’s workroom." }, { "name": "The second-hand dealer", "aliases": [ "the furniture-dealer" ], "description": "An unnamed creditor who sells Fantine furniture on credit, later takes most back, and threatens her with arrest for debt." }, { "name": "Fantine’s landlord", "aliases": [ "the householder" ], "description": "An unnamed creditor who demands rent from Fantine and suggests she can pay through sexual favors." }, { "name": "The old woman who teaches Fantine to live in poverty", "aliases": [ "the old woman" ], "description": "Marguerite, Fantine’s charitable neighbor, who teaches her to endure poverty." }, { "name": "Marguerite", "aliases": [ "the old woman", "the old spinster" ], "description": "A pious, charitable spinster and Fantine’s neighbor who teaches her to live in poverty and comforts her." }, { "name": "The contractor for prison work", "aliases": [ "the contractor" ], "description": "An unnamed contractor whose low prices for prison labor reduce working women’s earnings in M. sur M." }, { "name": "Fantine’s first lover", "aliases": [ "the miserable scamp", "the mendicant musician" ], "description": "An unnamed lazy beggar and musician who beats Fantine and abandons her." }, { "name": "The quack dentist", "aliases": [ "the tooth-puller", "the dental professor" ], "description": "An unnamed traveling dentist who offers Fantine money for her front teeth; she accepts to send money to the Thénardiers." }, { "name": "The toothless old woman", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed woman in the crowd who remarks that Fantine is lucky to be offered money for her teeth." }, { "name": "The young men of M. sur M.", "aliases": [ "the unemployed", "the dandies" ], "description": "Idle young men of the town, including M. Bamatabois." }, { "name": "The officers at the café", "aliases": [ "the officers" ], "description": "Unnamed officers who rush out of a café after Fantine and Bamatabois struggle." }, { "name": "The sergeant of the guard", "aliases": [ "the sergeant" ], "description": "An unnamed sergeant at the police station who brings Javert a candle and receives orders about Fantine." }, { "name": "The soldiers at the police station", "aliases": [ "the soldiers" ], "description": "Unnamed soldiers ordered to take Fantine to jail and later seize her before Madeleine intervenes." }, { "name": "The townsman who attacked Fantine", "aliases": [ "the gentleman", "the bourgeois", "the citizen" ], "description": "M. Bamatabois, who insults Fantine and puts snow down her back." }, { "name": "The women who gossip in the workroom", "aliases": [ "the pack of rascally women" ], "description": "Unnamed factory workers whose gossip reveals Fantine’s child to the superintendent." }, { "name": "The innkeeper of the Tillac d’Argent", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed innkeeper whose establishment is where the quack dentist tells Fantine to find him." }, { "name": "The post-mistress of M. sur M.", "aliases": [ "the post-mistress" ], "description": "An unnamed postal worker who sees Javert’s letter to Chabouillet and speculates it is his resignation." }, { "name": "The doctor treating Fantine", "aliases": [ "the doctor" ], "description": "An unnamed physician who warns Madeleine that Fantine is deteriorating and urges him to bring Cosette." }, { "name": "Sister Perpétue", "aliases": [], "description": "A robust, talkative sister of charity from Marines near Pontoise who nurses Fantine." }, { "name": "Sister Simplice", "aliases": [ "Simplice" ], "description": "A sister of charity renowned for never having lied, who cares for Fantine and tends her in the infirmary." }, { "name": "Master Scaufflaire", "aliases": [ "Scaufflaire" ], "description": "A Flemish horse and carriage hirer in M. sur M. who rents Madeleine a fast white horse and tilbury for Arras." }, { "name": "Master Scaufflaire’s wife", "aliases": [ "Scaufflaire’s wife" ], "description": "The wife of the horse hirer; she guesses Madeleine is travelling to Paris." }, { "name": "The cashier beneath Madeleine’s room", "aliases": [ "the cashier" ], "description": "An unnamed cashier who sleeps beneath Madeleine’s chamber and hears him pacing." }, { "name": "The factory portress", "aliases": [ "the portress", "M. Madeleine’s only servant" ], "description": "An unnamed factory portress who serves as Madeleine’s only servant." }, { "name": "Father Champmathieu", "aliases": [ "Champmathieu", "the pretended Champmathieu", "my Champmathieu" ], "description": "A poor old man arrested for stealing cider apples near Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher and mistakenly identified as Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "Cochepaille", "aliases": [], "description": "A former convict serving a life sentence who identifies Champmathieu as Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "Chenildieu", "aliases": [], "description": "A former convict serving a life sentence who identifies Champmathieu as Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "The woman Buseaupied", "aliases": [ "Buseaupied" ], "description": "An unnamed herb seller nearly crushed by carter Pierre Chesnelong." }, { "name": "The child of the herb seller", "aliases": [], "description": "The unnamed child nearly crushed along with the herb seller by Pierre Chesnelong’s cart." }, { "name": "Pierre Chesnelong", "aliases": [ "carter Pierre Chesnelong" ], "description": "An unnamed carter whose cart nearly crushes Buseaupied and her child." }, { "name": "M. Charcellay", "aliases": [], "description": "A resident who complains that a neighbor’s rain gutter is undermining his house’s foundations." }, { "name": "Widow Doris", "aliases": [ "Widow Doris’s" ], "description": "An unnamed resident on Rue Guibourg whose alleged infractions Madeleine assigns Javert to verify." }, { "name": "Madame Renée le Bossé", "aliases": [ "Madame le Bossé" ], "description": "An unnamed resident on Rue du Garraud-Blanc whose alleged infractions Madeleine assigns Javert to verify." }, { "name": "The curé at Madeleine’s parsonage", "aliases": [ "the curé" ], "description": "An unnamed parish priest whose house Madeleine pauses at before deciding to travel to Arras." }, { "name": "Antoine-Albin de Romainville", "aliases": [], "description": "A name on an old clock in an ironmonger’s shop, recalled by Madeleine during his inner conflict." }, { "name": "M. Madeleine’s childhood brother", "aliases": [ "the brother of his childish years", "his brother" ], "description": "An unnamed brother who appears with Madeleine in his written dream; Madeleine says he hardly remembers him." }, { "name": "The childhood neighbor with the open window", "aliases": [ "a neighbor of ours in former days" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who had always worked with her window open; she is remembered in Madeleine’s dream." }, { "name": "The nude horseman in the dream", "aliases": [ "the man on the earth-colored horse" ], "description": "A strange, ash-colored, bald man on an earth-colored horse who silently passes Madeleine and his brother in the dream." }, { "name": "The silent men in the dream", "aliases": [ "the men who watched him" ], "description": "A succession of silent, earthen-faced men who watch Madeleine in a deserted town and surround him in his dream." }, { "name": "The first silent man in the dream", "aliases": [ "the man who asks whether he is dead" ], "description": "The first silent figure Madeleine questions in the dream; he tells Madeleine that he has been dead for a long time." }, { "name": "The old woman at Hesdin", "aliases": [ "the old woman who owned the spring-cart" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who offers Madeleine a ramshackle cart when his tilbury is damaged." }, { "name": "The old woman’s little boy at Hesdin", "aliases": [ "the little boy", "the child" ], "description": "An unnamed boy who finds a cart for Madeleine and asks him for payment; Madeleine refuses." }, { "name": "The stableman at Hesdin", "aliases": [ "the stableman" ], "description": "An unnamed stableman who notices that Madeleine’s tilbury wheel is badly damaged." }, { "name": "Master Bourgaillard", "aliases": [ "the wheelwright" ], "description": "The wheelwright at Hesdin who says Madeleine’s tilbury cannot be repaired until the next day." }, { "name": "The innkeeper’s wife at Saint-Pol", "aliases": [ "the hostess" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who invites Madeleine to breakfast at the inn." }, { "name": "The Flemish servant-maid at Saint-Pol", "aliases": [ "the girl" ], "description": "An unnamed maid who sets out Madeleine’s knife and fork at the inn." }, { "name": "The German carter at Saint-Pol", "aliases": [ "the carter" ], "description": "An unnamed German carter eating at another table who does not understand Madeleine." }, { "name": "The road-mender near Tinques", "aliases": [ "the laborer" ], "description": "An unnamed laborer who warns Madeleine that the road to Arras is blocked and advises him to hire another horse." }, { "name": "The stable-boy postilion", "aliases": [ "the postilion" ], "description": "An unnamed stable-boy who guides Madeleine through the crossroads toward Arras." }, { "name": "The postman on the Arras mail-wagon", "aliases": [ "the postman" ], "description": "An unnamed postman whose mail-wagon collides with Madeleine’s tilbury near M. sur M." }, { "name": "The landlady of the Hotel de la Poste", "aliases": [ "the landlady", "the hostess" ], "description": "An unnamed hotelkeeper in Arras who asks Madeleine whether he wants a bed or supper." }, { "name": "The old bourgeois who guides Madeleine", "aliases": [ "the citizen" ], "description": "An unnamed Arras resident who guides Madeleine to the courthouse, where the Assizes are meeting." }, { "name": "M. de Conzié", "aliases": [], "description": "A bishop of Arras in 1782 who built a grand hall in the former bishop’s palace." }, { "name": "The lawyer Madeleine questions in Arras", "aliases": [ "the lawyer" ], "description": "An unnamed lawyer who tells Madeleine that Champmathieu’s trial is still under way and that another case has concluded." }, { "name": "The usher at the Arras Assizes", "aliases": [ "the usher" ], "description": "An unnamed court official who first bars Madeleine from the courtroom, then admits him after he presents his mayoral identity." }, { "name": "The President of the Arras Court of Assizes", "aliases": [ "the President", "the Councillor of the Royal Court of Douai" ], "description": "An unnamed presiding judge who recognizes M. Madeleine’s reputation and admits him to the trial." }, { "name": "The district-attorney at the Arras Assizes", "aliases": [ "the attorney-general", "the public prosecutor", "the brilliant fellow who wrote verses" ], "description": "An unnamed prosecutor who argues that Champmathieu is Jean Valjean and demands a severe sentence." }, { "name": "The lawyer for Champmathieu", "aliases": [ "the counsel for the defence", "the advocate" ], "description": "An unnamed defense lawyer who argues that the apple theft is unproved and asks the court to consider Champmathieu’s limited understanding." }, { "name": "The Limosin woman", "aliases": [ "the woman convicted of infanticide" ], "description": "An unnamed woman whose infanticide trial concludes before Madeleine reaches the Arras courtroom; she is sentenced to life imprisonment." }, { "name": "The Limosin woman’s child", "aliases": [ "the murdered child" ], "description": "The child whose murder leads to the Limosin woman’s conviction for infanticide." }, { "name": "Champmathieu’s daughter", "aliases": [ "his daughter" ], "description": "Champmathieu’s unnamed daughter, a laundress who worked in Paris and died." }, { "name": "Champmathieu’s daughter’s husband", "aliases": [ "her husband" ], "description": "An unnamed man who beat Champmathieu’s daughter." }, { "name": "M. Baloup", "aliases": [ "sieur Baloup" ], "description": "A Paris wheelwright and former master-wheelwright whom Champmathieu says employed him; he is bankrupt and cannot be found to testify." }, { "name": "The gendarme who nudges Champmathieu", "aliases": [ "the gendarme, who is a good fellow" ], "description": "An unnamed gendarme beside Champmathieu at the trial who quietly urges him to answer." }, { "name": "The usher at the witnesses’ room", "aliases": [ "the usher" ], "description": "An unnamed court official who brings Brevet and the other convict witnesses into the courtroom." }, { "name": "The gendarme assisting the usher", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed armed gendarme who accompanies the usher as the convict witnesses are brought in." }, { "name": "The physician in the audience", "aliases": [ "the physician" ], "description": "An unnamed physician whom the President asks to attend to Madeleine after he identifies himself as Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "The old portress of Madeleine’s house", "aliases": [ "the old portress", "the good old woman" ], "description": "Madeleine’s faithful former servant, who lets Jean Valjean into the house after his escape and fetches Sister Simplice." }, { "name": "The curate who receives Valjean’s note", "aliases": [ "Monsieur le Curé", "the curé" ], "description": "An unnamed priest asked by Jean Valjean to oversee his remaining money and pay Fantine’s funeral and trial expenses." }, { "name": "The peasant woman at Hougomont", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed woman who identifies the place as Hougomont and explains that a French cannonball damaged its gate." }, { "name": "The young girl weeding at Hougomont", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed girl working in a field beside the inn near Hougomont." }, { "name": "Hugo, Sire of Somerel", "aliases": [ "Hugo" ], "description": "The medieval lord who built the manor called Hougomont and endowed a chaplaincy at Villiers Abbey." }, { "name": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "aliases": [ "Jérôme" ], "description": "Napoleon’s brother, sent against Hougomont during the Battle of Waterloo." }, { "name": "Cooke", "aliases": [], "description": "The commander whose four companies of English guards held Hougomont for seven hours." }, { "name": "Foy", "aliases": [], "description": "A French division commander whose troops attacked Hougomont; he was wounded at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Guilleminot", "aliases": [], "description": "A French division commander whose troops attacked Hougomont." }, { "name": "Bachelu", "aliases": [], "description": "A French division commander whose troops attacked Hougomont." }, { "name": "Reille", "aliases": [], "description": "The commander of a French corps committed against Hougomont." }, { "name": "Kellermann", "aliases": [], "description": "A French commander whose artillery fire struck Hougomont’s defenses." }, { "name": "Bauduin", "aliases": [], "description": "A French brigadier killed at the northern entrance to Hougomont." }, { "name": "Soye", "aliases": [], "description": "The commander of a French brigade that attacked Hougomont’s southern wall." }, { "name": "Sub-Lieutenant Legros", "aliases": [ "Legros" ], "description": "A French sub-lieutenant whose corpse, holding an axe, was found at the chapel door in Hougomont." }, { "name": "Guillaume van Kylsom", "aliases": [ "the old gardener" ], "description": "A peasant gardener at Hougomont who stayed to guard the château during Waterloo, was forced to draw water for combatants, and was the grandfather of the family living there later." }, { "name": "The family at Hougomont", "aliases": [ "the family who occupy the house" ], "description": "The unnamed family living in the farmhouse at Hougomont, descended from Guillaume van Kylsom." }, { "name": "The woman with gray hair at Hougomont", "aliases": [ "the old woman" ], "description": "A member of Guillaume van Kylsom’s family who recalls being evacuated to the woods as a child during the Battle of Waterloo." }, { "name": "The woman with gray hair’s older sister", "aliases": [ "my sister" ], "description": "The unnamed older sister who wept with terror when their family fled Hougomont during the battle." }, { "name": "Wilda", "aliases": [ "the Hanoverian lieutenant" ], "description": "A Hanoverian lieutenant whose hand was cut off by a French sapper as he grasped a farm-door handle." }, { "name": "The French sapper", "aliases": [ "the sapper" ], "description": "An unnamed French soldier who cut off Lieutenant Wilda’s hand with an axe." }, { "name": "The six light-infantry men", "aliases": [ "the infantry men" ], "description": "Six unnamed French soldiers who fought to the death in Hougomont’s garden against Hanoverian troops." }, { "name": "Major Blackmann", "aliases": [ "Blackmann" ], "description": "A major who leaned against a fallen tree in the Hougomont orchard and died there." }, { "name": "Duplat", "aliases": [ "the German general" ], "description": "A German general descended from a French family; he fell beneath a tree near Hougomont’s orchard." }, { "name": "The Prince of Orange", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander of the Anglo-Dutch centre at Waterloo who exhorted the Dutch and Belgian troops to stand fast." }, { "name": "Lord Hill", "aliases": [ "Hill" ], "description": "A British commander at Waterloo who supported Wellington and asked what orders to follow if Wellington were killed." }, { "name": "Picton", "aliases": [ "General Picton" ], "description": "A British general commanding the left wing at Waterloo, killed by a bullet through the head." }, { "name": "Colville", "aliases": [ "the English general Colville" ], "description": "A British general who noted the time when the first cannon was fired at Waterloo and was among those said to have called on Cambronne to surrender." }, { "name": "Quiot", "aliases": [ "Quiot’s brigade" ], "description": "A French brigade commander whose troops attacked La Haie-Sainte." }, { "name": "Ney", "aliases": [ "Marshal Ney" ], "description": "A French marshal who led cavalry attacks at Waterloo and fought in the final rout." }, { "name": "Perponcher", "aliases": [ "Perponcher’s division" ], "description": "A commander of the Belgian division whose troops helped hold Hougomont." }, { "name": "Kempt", "aliases": [ "Kempt’s brigade" ], "description": "A British brigade commander whose troops fought at Waterloo; he later requested reinforcements for the English left." }, { "name": "Wellington", "aliases": [ "the Duke of Wellington", "the Iron Duke" ], "description": "The British commander at Waterloo, whose army held the plateau against Napoleon’s attacks until Blücher arrived." }, { "name": "Baring", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander at La Haie-Sainte who was driven from the position during the fighting." }, { "name": "Alten", "aliases": [ "Alten’s division" ], "description": "A British commander whose division suffered heavy losses at Waterloo." }, { "name": "The prince of the house of Deux-Ponts", "aliases": [ "a prince of the house of Deux-Ponts" ], "description": "An unnamed prince who carried the flag of the Lunenburg battalion." }, { "name": "Bro", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander of lancers who fought against Ponsonby’s dragoons." }, { "name": "Hamilton", "aliases": [], "description": "A British lieutenant-colonel wounded during the cavalry fighting at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Mater", "aliases": [], "description": "A British lieutenant-colonel killed in the cavalry fighting at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Ponsonby", "aliases": [ "Ponsonby’s great dragoons" ], "description": "A British cavalry commander whose dragoons were cut down and who was killed by lance-thrusts." }, { "name": "Marsh", "aliases": [], "description": "A British officer killed at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Chassé", "aliases": [ "Chassé’s brigade" ], "description": "A commander whose brigade reinforced Wellington’s centre at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Wincke", "aliases": [ "Wincke’s brigade" ], "description": "A commander whose brigade was sent to reinforce Wellington’s centre." }, { "name": "Clinton", "aliases": [ "Clinton’s division" ], "description": "A British commander whose division reinforced Wellington’s centre; he witnessed the cuirassier attack." }, { "name": "Halkett", "aliases": [ "the regiments of Halkett" ], "description": "A British commander whose regiments reinforced Wellington’s centre." }, { "name": "Mitchell", "aliases": [ "the brigades of Mitchell" ], "description": "A British brigade commander whose troops reinforced Wellington’s centre." }, { "name": "Maitland", "aliases": [ "the guards of Maitland" ], "description": "A British commander of guards at Waterloo, possibly the general who called on Cambronne to surrender." }, { "name": "Kielmansegg", "aliases": [ "Kielmansegg’s Hanoverians" ], "description": "A commander of Hanoverian troops serving as reinforcements for Wellington." }, { "name": "Ompteda", "aliases": [ "Ompteda’s Germans" ], "description": "A commander of German troops who reinforced Wellington’s centre and was killed." }, { "name": "Haxo", "aliases": [ "General Haxo" ], "description": "A French general sent by Napoleon to reconnoitre the English batteries; he failed to discover their concealed positions." }, { "name": "Somerset", "aliases": [ "Somerset’s Dragoon Guards" ], "description": "A British commander of the remaining English dragoon guards at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Lord Uxbridge", "aliases": [ "Uxbridge" ], "description": "A British commander whose leg was shattered at Waterloo and later buried." }, { "name": "Lacoste", "aliases": [ "the guide Lacoste" ], "description": "A hostile, frightened peasant guide attached to Napoleon’s saddle at Waterloo; he denied that there was an obstacle on the plateau." }, { "name": "Milhaud", "aliases": [ "Milhaud’s cuirassiers" ], "description": "A French general whose cuirassiers Napoleon ordered to charge the Mont-Saint-Jean plateau." }, { "name": "Lefebvre-Desnouettes", "aliases": [ "Lefebvre-Desnouettes’s division" ], "description": "A French cavalry commander whose division supported Milhaud’s cuirassiers." }, { "name": "Bernard", "aliases": [ "Aide-de-camp Bernard" ], "description": "Napoleon’s aide-de-camp who carried the order for the cuirassiers to charge." }, { "name": "Wathier", "aliases": [ "Wathier’s division" ], "description": "A commander of one of the cuirassier divisions in the charge at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Delort", "aliases": [ "General Delort", "Delort’s column" ], "description": "A French general who led the other cuirassier division and saluted the English battery." }, { "name": "Murat", "aliases": [], "description": "A cavalry commander whose absence at Waterloo is noted in comparison with Ney’s leadership." }, { "name": "Dubois", "aliases": [ "Dubois’s brigade" ], "description": "A French brigade commander whose troops suffered heavily in the hollow road of Ohain." }, { "name": "Dehaze", "aliases": [], "description": "A man who, at eighteen, helped recover the body of a cuirassier and his horse at Mont-Saint-Jean after the battle." }, { "name": "l’Héritier", "aliases": [], "description": "A French cavalry commander disabled in the fighting at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Dnop", "aliases": [], "description": "A French cavalry commander disabled in the fighting at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Blancard", "aliases": [], "description": "A French cavalry commander disabled in the fighting at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Van Kluze", "aliases": [ "Van Kluze’s brigade" ], "description": "A commander of Belgian troops who fought on the English side at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Barne", "aliases": [], "description": "A British officer wounded at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Delancey", "aliases": [], "description": "A British officer killed at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Van Meeren", "aliases": [], "description": "A British-side officer killed at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Colonel Hacke", "aliases": [ "Hacke" ], "description": "A colonel of the Hanoverian hussars of Cumberland, whose regiment fled from the battle and who was later tried and cashiered." }, { "name": "Vandeleur", "aliases": [ "Vandeleur’s brigades" ], "description": "A British cavalry commander whose brigade flanked the left wing and later confronted Kellermann." }, { "name": "Vivian", "aliases": [ "Vivian’s brigade" ], "description": "A British cavalry commander whose brigade flanked the left wing and fought the French at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Vincent", "aliases": [ "the Austrian commissioner" ], "description": "An Austrian commissioner present with Wellington’s staff who believed the Duke was losing." }, { "name": "Alava", "aliases": [ "the Spanish commissioner" ], "description": "A Spanish commissioner present with Wellington’s staff who believed the Duke was losing." }, { "name": "Siborne", "aliases": [], "description": "A source cited by the narrator for details about the Anglo-Dutch army’s losses." }, { "name": "Pringle", "aliases": [], "description": "A source cited by the narrator for an exaggerated estimate of the Anglo-Dutch army’s losses." }, { "name": "Bülow", "aliases": [ "Buelow" ], "description": "A Prussian general, lieutenant to Blücher, whose arrival helped turn the Battle of Waterloo against Napoleon." }, { "name": "The little shepherd who guided Bülow", "aliases": [ "the little shepherd" ], "description": "An unnamed boy who served as a guide to Bülow’s forces." }, { "name": "Grouchy", "aliases": [ "Marshal Grouchy" ], "description": "A French marshal whose delay and failure to join Napoleon at Waterloo are described as crucial." }, { "name": "Muffling", "aliases": [ "Müffling", "the Prussian general Muffling" ], "description": "A Prussian general who said that an hour’s delay would have left Wellington defeated." }, { "name": "Domon", "aliases": [ "Domon’s division" ], "description": "A French light-cavalry commander sent by Napoleon to reconnoitre the distant troops." }, { "name": "Losthin", "aliases": [ "Losthin’s division" ], "description": "A Prussian commander whose division deployed against Lobau at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Hiller", "aliases": [ "Hiller’s division" ], "description": "A Prussian commander whose division deployed against Lobau at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Ryssel", "aliases": [ "Ryssel’s division" ], "description": "A Prussian commander whose division deployed against Lobau at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Pirch", "aliases": [ "Pirch the first" ], "description": "A Prussian commander whose forces arrived with Bülow and fought the French during the rout." }, { "name": "Zieten", "aliases": [ "Zieten’s cavalry" ], "description": "A Prussian commander who led cavalry into the Waterloo battle." }, { "name": "Prince William of Prussia", "aliases": [ "Prince William" ], "description": "A Prussian prince whose cavalry emerged from the forest and fought the French." }, { "name": "Friant", "aliases": [], "description": "A general commanding a battalion of Napoleon’s Imperial Guard at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Roguet", "aliases": [], "description": "A general commanding a battalion of Napoleon’s Imperial Guard; he threatened French grenadiers who captured Prussian prisoners." }, { "name": "Harlet", "aliases": [], "description": "A general commanding a battalion of Napoleon’s Imperial Guard at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Mallet", "aliases": [], "description": "A general commanding a battalion of Napoleon’s Imperial Guard at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Poret de Morvan", "aliases": [], "description": "A general commanding a battalion of Napoleon’s Imperial Guard at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Drouet d’Erlon", "aliases": [ "D’Erlon" ], "description": "A French general whom Ney challenged during the battle’s final crisis." }, { "name": "Cambronne", "aliases": [ "General Cambronne" ], "description": "A French officer commanding the last square of the Guard at Waterloo, remembered for his defiant response to a demand to surrender." }, { "name": "Fuller", "aliases": [], "description": "A lieutenant-colonel of the British dragoon guards who fell dead in the cavalry fighting." }, { "name": "Duhesme", "aliases": [], "description": "A general of the Young Guard captured at Genappe and killed after surrendering his sword." }, { "name": "Guyot", "aliases": [], "description": "A French commander who led the Emperor’s squadrons in a charge and fell beneath English dragoons." }, { "name": "Morand", "aliases": [], "description": "A French commander whose troops retreated before Pirch during the rout." }, { "name": "Subervic", "aliases": [], "description": "A French commander whose troops retreated before Prince William of Prussia during the rout." }, { "name": "The English general who called on Cambronne to surrender", "aliases": [ "Colville according to some", "Maitland according to others" ], "description": "An unnamed British general who called on Cambronne’s last square to surrender; accounts differ on whether he was Colville or Maitland." }, { "name": "Bernard Debrye", "aliases": [ "Monsieur Bernard Debrye" ], "description": "A Brussels merchant crushed by a cart near Braine-l’Alleud in 1637, commemorated by a roadside cross." }, { "name": "Mathieu Nicaise", "aliases": [], "description": "A peasant crushed by a landslide from the slope of the hollow road at Mont-Saint-Jean in 1783." }, { "name": "Rouget", "aliases": [ "Rouget de Lisle" ], "description": "The composer of the “Marseillaise,” whom the narrator compares with Cambronne as an inspired creator." }, { "name": "Kléber", "aliases": [ "Kleber" ], "description": "A French general whose voice the narrator imagines in Cambronne’s defiant reply." }, { "name": "Joseph", "aliases": [], "description": "The driver of the post-wagon from Nivelles, who passes the Waterloo battlefield whistling at dawn." }, { "name": "Jomini", "aliases": [], "description": "A military historian who divides the Battle of Waterloo into four moments." }, { "name": "Charras", "aliases": [], "description": "A historian credited by the narrator with grasping the defining outline of Waterloo." }, { "name": "Barême", "aliases": [], "description": "A figure used to compare Wellington’s methodical approach to war." }, { "name": "Beaulieu", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander defeated by Bonaparte in Italy." }, { "name": "Alvinzi", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander defeated by Bonaparte in Italy." }, { "name": "Wurmser", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander defeated by Bonaparte in Italy and later encountered again by Napoleon in his decline." }, { "name": "Mélas", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander defeated by Bonaparte in Italy." }, { "name": "Mack", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander defeated by Bonaparte in Italy." }, { "name": "Lord Bathurst", "aliases": [], "description": "The recipient of Wellington’s report about Waterloo." }, { "name": "Pack", "aliases": [], "description": "A British infantry commander whose troops fought at Waterloo." }, { "name": "Rylandt", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander of battalions who fought at Waterloo." }, { "name": "The Marquis of Fervacques", "aliases": [], "description": "A marquis slain and robbed at night after the victory of Cerisoles by a Spanish straggler who spoke French." }, { "name": "Turenne", "aliases": [], "description": "A general adored by his soldiers because he tolerated pillage; the narrator criticizes his permissiveness." }, { "name": "Hoche", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander said to have had no stragglers in his army." }, { "name": "Marceau", "aliases": [], "description": "A commander said to have had no stragglers in his army." }, { "name": "Trestaillon", "aliases": [], "description": "A man celebrated during the royalist Restoration." }, { "name": "Pope Pius VII", "aliases": [ "Pius VII" ], "description": "The pope who crowned Napoleon and later blessed the Bourbon Restoration." }, { "name": "The King of Rome", "aliases": [ "the shadow at Schoenbrunn" ], "description": "Napoleon’s young son, four years old at Schoenbrunn in 1815, whom it was seditious to call king." }, { "name": "Hudson Lowe", "aliases": [], "description": "The man assigned by England to guard Napoleon." }, { "name": "Montchenu", "aliases": [], "description": "The man assigned by France to watch Napoleon." }, { "name": "Alexander", "aliases": [], "description": "A king who called Napoleon “my sleeplessness” after the Emperor’s defeat." }, { "name": "The Spanish straggler", "aliases": [ "the marauder" ], "description": "An unnamed French-speaking Spanish camp follower who deceived and killed the Marquis of Fervacques, then robbed him." }, { "name": "The nocturnal prowler", "aliases": [ "the prowler", "the man" ], "description": "An unnamed former French soldier who robs the dead at Waterloo, rescues a wounded cuirassier, and gives his name as Thénardier." }, { "name": "The cuirassier officer", "aliases": [ "the officer", "Pontmercy" ], "description": "A high-ranking French cuirassier wounded and buried beneath the dead at Waterloo; the prowler rescues him. He gives his name as Pontmercy and promises to remember Thénardier." }, { "name": "The topman", "aliases": [ "the sailor" ], "description": "An unnamed sailor aboard the Orion who loses his balance and hangs from a foot-rope; a convict saves his life." }, { "name": "The officer of the watch", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed ship’s officer who grants a convict permission to risk his life to rescue the topman aboard the Orion." }, { "name": "The sailors on the Orion", "aliases": [ "the crew" ], "description": "Unnamed sailors aboard the Orion who hesitate to rescue the topman hanging from the rigging." }, { "name": "The four rescuers in the boat", "aliases": [ "the four men" ], "description": "Unnamed men who search for the convict after he falls between the Orion and the Algésiras." }, { "name": "Tryphon", "aliases": [], "description": "A Norman monk, part sorcerer, whose verses describe the devil’s supposed forest treasure." }, { "name": "Father Six-Fours", "aliases": [ "the water-carrier" ], "description": "A water-carrier whose shovel and pick Boulatruelle initially thinks may have been left in the forest." }, { "name": "The black man of Montfermeil’s superstition", "aliases": [ "the devil", "Beelzebub", "Lucifer" ], "description": "A horned, black-clad figure in local legend who digs in the forest and is said to bury treasure; people mistake ordinary peasants for him." }, { "name": "The four companies of English guards", "aliases": [ "the English guards" ], "description": "The unnamed soldiers commanded by Cooke who held Hougomont during the Battle of Waterloo." }, { "name": "Abbé Delille", "aliases": [], "description": "A clergyman and poet whose portraits the narrator says Monsieur Thénardier resembles." }, { "name": "Raynal", "aliases": [], "description": "A name Monsieur Thénardier invokes to make himself sound learned." }, { "name": "Parny", "aliases": [], "description": "A name Monsieur Thénardier invokes to make himself sound learned." }, { "name": "Saint Augustine", "aliases": [], "description": "A religious thinker whom Monsieur Thénardier incongruously invokes to support his remarks." }, { "name": "The Duc de Havré", "aliases": [ "M. le Duc de Havré" ], "description": "Captain of the guard on duty when Louis XVIII’s carriage passes; he points out the suspicious-looking man in the yellow coat." }, { "name": "The police agent who follows the man in the yellow coat", "aliases": [ "the agent", "one of the members of the police" ], "description": "An unnamed police officer ordered to follow the man in the yellow coat, but who loses him in the streets." }, { "name": "The coachman to Lagny", "aliases": [ "the coachman" ], "description": "An unnamed driver who takes the man in the yellow coat as far as Chelles." }, { "name": "The toy-shop merchant", "aliases": [ "the merchant" ], "description": "An unnamed seller whose display includes a large doll that Cosette longs to have." }, { "name": "The woman who recognizes Cosette in the street", "aliases": [ "the woman" ], "description": "An unnamed woman who recognizes Cosette and calls her the Lark as the child walks toward the spring." }, { "name": "The pedler whose horse needs water", "aliases": [ "the pedler", "the merchant" ], "description": "An unnamed traveller lodging at the Thénardiers’ inn who insists that his horse has not been watered." }, { "name": "The pedler’s horse", "aliases": [ "the horse", "the beast" ], "description": "The unnamed horse belonging to the pedler, whose need for water sends Cosette out to the spring at night." }, { "name": "The cat at the inn", "aliases": [ "the little cat" ], "description": "A cat that Éponine and Azelma dress up and pretend is their baby." }, { "name": "Catherine", "aliases": [ "the lady" ], "description": "Cosette’s new doll, given to her by Jean Valjean. Cosette names it Catherine and cherishes it." }, { "name": "The ex-beadle at Saint-Médard", "aliases": [ "the beggar at the well", "the old beadle" ], "description": "An unnamed seventy-five-year-old former cathedral beadle who begs and prays beside a condemned well; Jean Valjean mistakes his face for Javert’s." }, { "name": "The old soldier at the Pont d’Austerlitz toll office", "aliases": [ "the old soldier in charge of the bridge" ], "description": "An unnamed soldier who collects the bridge toll and charges Jean Valjean for Cosette as well." }, { "name": "Maître Corbeau", "aliases": [ "Corbeau", "Maître Gorbeau" ], "description": "A Paris attorney of the Châtelet whose name was changed by royal permission to Gorbeau; local tradition says he owned the Gorbeau house." }, { "name": "Maître Renard", "aliases": [ "Renard", "Prenard" ], "description": "A Paris attorney of the Châtelet whose name was changed by royal permission to Prenard." }, { "name": "Louis XV", "aliases": [ "the king" ], "description": "The king who granted Maître Corbeau and Maître Renard permission to alter their names." }, { "name": "The Papal Nuncio", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed church envoy who knelt before Louis XV while Madame du Barry was being presented with a slipper." }, { "name": "Cardinal de la Roche-Aymon", "aliases": [], "description": "A cardinal who knelt before Louis XV during the episode in which Madame du Barry received a slipper." }, { "name": "Madame du Barry", "aliases": [], "description": "The king’s mistress, who had just risen from bed when the Papal Nuncio and Cardinal de la Roche-Aymon presented her with a slipper." }, { "name": "The carrier’s cart driver", "aliases": [ "the carrier" ], "description": "An unnamed driver whose heavily laden cart passes along the boulevard and wakes Cosette in the Gorbeau house." }, { "name": "Castlereagh", "aliases": [], "description": "A statesman invoked by the narrator in a comparison to Thénardier’s manner of auditing his bill." }, { "name": "The patrol accompanying Javert", "aliases": [ "the patrol", "the seven or eight soldiers" ], "description": "Unnamed soldiers from a patrol returning to the Arsenal post, requisitioned by Javert to search the streets for Jean Valjean." }, { "name": "Saint Robert", "aliases": [ "Abbé de Molesme" ], "description": "The abbot who founded Cîteaux in 1098." }, { "name": "The devil of Subiaco", "aliases": [ "the devil" ], "description": "A personified devil whom the narrator says Saint Benoît drove from the ancient temple of Apollo." }, { "name": "Philip de Neri", "aliases": [ "Philip Neri" ], "description": "The saint who established the Oratory of Italy at Florence." }, { "name": "Saint Thérèse", "aliases": [ "Saint Teresa" ], "description": "The saint whose teaching about detachment from possessions is quoted in the account of convent life." }, { "name": "The portress of the Petit-Picpus convent", "aliases": [ "the portress" ], "description": "An unnamed nun who sits by the parlor’s screened opening and asks visitors who is there before admitting them." }, { "name": "The four mother precentors", "aliases": [ "the mother precentors" ], "description": "Four unnamed senior nuns who intone the convent’s offices on Sundays and festival days." }, { "name": "The mother precentor who sang the wrong notes", "aliases": [], "description": "An unnamed precentor who began a psalm with the notes do si sol instead of its opening word and performed a coulpe for the mistake." } ], "analysis": { "sourceSha256": "6687c8d972aa8328cdbd64b52107992f81a5a4db77caa92ca34ccaa8c0f57de9", "generatedAt": "2026-10-26T07:50:48.066548+00:00", "partsProcessed": 41, "extractionWarnings": [], "promptSha256": "9385e4a21325f0621e5589099a8ad97a61d002a9f4df2818821dc1c353ad5c6d", "model": "gpt-6-luna", "pipelineVersion": 1 } }